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目录 contents

    摘要

    为详细了解高氯酸铵(AP)对5,5'⁃联四唑⁃1,1'⁃二氧二羟铵(HATO)热分解影响的机制,采用热重⁃质谱⁃傅里叶红外光谱(TG⁃MS⁃FTIR)联用技术、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)方法,对HATO和HATO/AP共混物的热分解特性、气体产物以及凝聚相变化进行了研究。结果表明,HATO具有两个连续热分解阶段,HATO/AP共混物则有3个热分解阶段;HATO、AP共混后,HATO使得AP熔融峰消失,AP可使HATO的热分解初始温度提前,热分解时间延长且不影响分解完全性;HATO热分解气体产物有CO2N2O、HCN、NH3、NO、N2H2O,而HATO/AP共混物热分解产生气体主要有N2、CO2N2O、HCN、NH3H2O、HCN、NO、HCl、NOCl;另外,采用等转化率法计算HATO和HATO/AP共混物四唑环基团的活化能分别为53.38 kJ·mol-1和60.69 kJ·mol-1; 通过对比HATO和HATO/AP共混物热分解特性以及凝聚相特征基团的变化,阐释了AP使HATO热分解温度提前的机理很可能是: AP的铵根离子与HATO之间发生了质子转移;推测AP导致HATO热分解时间延长的原因为: HATO/AP共混物产生的NH3与热分解中间体1,1'‑二羟基‑5,5‑联四唑(BTO)反应生成5,5'⁃联四唑⁃1,1'⁃二氧铵盐(ABTOX)。

    Abstract

    To systematically understand the effect of ammonium perchlorate (AP) on the thermal decomposition mechanism of 5,5'‑bitetrazole‑1,1'‑dioxadihydroxyammonium(HATO), the thermal decomposition characteristics, gas products and condensed phase change of HATO and HATO/AP blends were analyzed by combination of thermogravimetry‑mass spectrometry‑Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG‑MS‑FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). HATO had two consecutive thermal decomposition stages,while HATO/AP blends had three. For HATO/AP blends, the melting profile of AP disappeared; the thermal decomposition of HATO showed an advanced initial temperature, prolonged decomposition time and unchanged completeness of HATO decomposition. The gas products from the thermal decomposition of HATO were CO2, N2O, HCN, NH3, NO, N2 and H2O; whereas CO2, N2O, HCN, NH3, NO, N2, H2O, HCl and NOCl were detected for HATO/AP blends. The activation energy of HATO and HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring, which was calculated by equal conversion rate method was 53.38kJ·mol-1 and 60.69 kJ·mol-1,respectively. By comparing the thermal decomposition process of HATO and HATO/AP blends and the change of characteristic groups of condensed phase, the advancement of thermal decomposition temperature of HATO can be attributed to the proton transfer between the ammonium ion of AP and HATO. The prolonged decomposition time for HATO/AP blends might be explained by following mechanism: NH3 was produced from the HATO and AP, which further reacted with the thermal decomposition intermediate 1,1'‑dihydroxy‑5,5'‑tetrazolium (BTO) to form Diammonium 5,5'‑bistetrazole‑1,1'‑diolate (ABTOX).

  • 1 引 言

    随着战争模式转变,新型武器装备研发,武器系统要求炸药不仅要具备高能量密度,而且还要满足安全性、环境友好性,所以不敏感含能材料逐渐成为研究热[1]。富氮类化合物,不仅能量密度高、安全性良好而且对环境友好性强,是一种集高能、安全、绿色为一体的新型含能材[2]。德国慕尼黑大学Fischer[3]在2012年设计合成的一种新型富氮含能离子盐5,5'⁃联四唑⁃1,1'⁃二氧二羟铵(TKX⁃50,HATO)就属于这种材料,HATO理论密度为1.918 g·cm-3、爆速9679 m·s-1、标准生成焓446.6 kJ·mol-1,计算表明其能量与六硝基六氮杂异伍兹烷(CL⁃20)相当,并且生产制备工艺更简单,产气量大,因此HATO是一种高能、钝感、综合性能优异的含能离子盐化合[4,5]。然而,俄罗斯学者Sinditskii[6]研究发现其燃烧热为(2054±6) kJ·mol-1,计算HATO的生成晗仅为(111±16)kJ·mol-1,远低于德国人的报道。因此,HATO是一种严重负氧类含能材料(氧平衡为-27.1%),有必要探究氧化剂对其热分解影响,为其释能机制研究提供参考。

    近年,国内外学者在HATO热分解研究方面逐步开展了一些工作。王俊峰[7,8]采用热重和差热分析技术初步分析了HATO及HATO基PBX的热分解阶段,用Kissinger法计算了其热分解第一阶段的动力学参数; Huang[9,10,11]对HATO受热分解后的气体产物进行了推测,分析认为N2N2O为HATO最终分解后的产物。高氯酸铵(AP)是常用的氧化剂,常用于调节负氧类含能材料(比如,黑索今(RDX[12]、奥克托今(HMX[13]、CL⁃20[14]等)的氧平衡,因此,研究AP的热分解及其与含能材料相互作用机理对含能材料的应用具有重要意义。刘子如[15,16]采用FTIR联用等技术研究了AP的热分解过程,提出了AP分解“局部化学现象”并推测了两个分解阶段机理;阴翠梅[17]进一步研究了AP与RDX和HMX的混合体现的热分解,结果表明,AP对RDX分解具有加速作用,与HMX的相互作用更剧烈。然而,AP 对HATO的热分解影响机制尚未见报道。

    为此,本研究采用热重⁃质谱⁃傅里叶红外光谱(TG⁃MS⁃FTIR)联用技术、差示扫描量热法(DSC)、傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)方法研究了HATO和HATO/AP共混物的热分解特性,用TG⁃MS⁃FTIR分析了HATO、HATO/AP共混物的热分解过程;并利用傅里叶红外光谱技术探究了HATO、HATO/AP共混物凝聚相四唑环基团随温度的变化,采用Kissinger[18]计算了HATO和HATO/AP共混物四唑环基团的活化能;对比了HATO和HATO/AP共混物热分解特性、热分解气体产物以及凝聚相特征基团变化趋势,推测了HATO/AP共混物的热分解机理。

  • 2 实验部分

  • 2.1 试剂

    HATO(白色粉末,纯度大于99%),AP(白色粉末,纯度大于99%,粒度为150 μm),均由西安近代化学研究所自制;二甲基亚砜(DMSO),纯度99.99%,百灵威科技有限公司;乙酸乙酯,纯度99.9%,中纳海盛化工有限公司。

  • 2.2 样品制备

    HATO/AP共混物:通过溶剂⁃非溶剂法制备,根据零氧平衡设计,将HATO与AP以质量比7∶3的比例加入到DMSO溶剂中加热搅拌溶解,然后加入非溶剂乙酸乙酯并降温,晶体析出,过滤、干燥获得最后样品。

  • 2.3 仪器与实验条件

    热分析仪:德国耐驰公司449C型TG⁃DSC同步热分析仪。试样量1~2 mg,采用三氧化二铝坩埚,载气为Ar(流量25 mL·min-1);升温速率10 ℃·min-1,温度范围30~500 ℃。

    红外光谱仪:美国Nicolet公司5700型红外光谱仪;检测器为:DTGS;光谱范围:4000~650 cm-1;分辨率>0.09 cm-1;气体原位池温度:30~230 ℃;吹扫气流量:25 mL·min-1

    质谱:德国耐驰公司QMS403四级杆质谱仪;热分析仪器与质谱及红外连接管温度: 190 ℃; 接口温度: 200 ℃; 测试质量范围: 1.0~300.0 μm,分辨率<0.5 μm,检测极限>1 μg·g-1

    固体原位池:美国Thermo⁃Fisher公司 NEXUS 870型傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,厦门大学变温反应池,检测器为电热型氘代硫酸三苷肽(DTGS)。检测温度范围:25~465 ℃,变温反应池升温速率为2.5 ℃·min-1,数据采集速率为1.8988 cm·s-1,红外光谱分辨率为4 cm-1,图谱扫描次数为每张8次;试样量为0.7 mg。

  • 3 结果与讨论

  • 3.1 TG、DTG、DSC结果分析

    HATO、AP、HATO/AP共混物的TG、DTG及DSC曲线如图1所示。由图1a可见,HATO从219.2 ℃开始分解(质量损失开始),255.3 ℃分解基本完成,时间历程3.61 min,两个分解过程质量损失分别为70.7%和23.9%。HATO/AP共混物热分解(质量损失)开始温度为209.1 ℃,在283.4 ℃时分解基本完成,时间历程为7.43 min,3个阶段的质量损失分别为15.2%、73.6%、8.9%;HATO/AP共混物热分解(质量损失)开始温度低于HATO,分解基本完成时的温度高于HATO,且HATO和HATO/AP共混物分解残渣剩余分别为5.4%和2.3%。由DSC和DTG (图1b) 曲线可见,HATO热分解过程主要为两个连续阶段,第一阶段分解反应比较剧烈,分解峰温为236.8℃,第二阶段分解峰温为250.5 ℃。AP具有一个吸热峰和两个放热峰,在244.5 ℃的熔融吸热峰是斜方晶系转变为立方晶系的转晶峰,此过程只有热效应并没有质量损失,295.1 ℃和411.3 ℃热分解峰温分别对应于DTG的两个质量损失峰。HATO/AP共混物具有3个热分解阶段,热分解峰温分别为225.8,278.9,482.6 ℃,对应于DTG的3个质量损失峰。对比图1b中DSC曲线可以发现,HATO、AP共混之后HATO的热分解阶段由2个增加到3个,AP的熔融吸热峰消失,并且HATO/AP共混物分解峰温度、分解峰形并不是简单的由HATO与AP的峰叠加组成。上述结果表明,HATO与AP在热分解过程中发生了强烈的相互作用,AP的加入可以使HATO初始分解温度提前并导致分解时间延长,但基本不影响其分解完全性。

    html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F002.png

    a. TG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

    html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F003.png

    b. DSC, DTG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

    图1 升温速率10 ℃·min-1时HATO、AP和HATO/AP共混物的TG、DTG及DSC曲线

    Fig.1 TG,DTG and DSC curves of HATO, AP and HATO/AP blends at a heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1

  • 3.2 气体产物分析

    HATO、HATO/AP共混物在升温速率为10 ℃·min-1时气体产物随时间变化的三维红外谱图,气体浓度最大时的红外谱图以及气体产物离子强度随温度变化的质谱图如图2。由图2a可见,具有红外活性气体的红外强度随时间(温度)变化,红外强度大小间接表明了红外气体的含量;大约为22 min时温度即达到220 ℃,HATO热分解产生的红外活性气体开始出现并逐渐增多,吸收强度增强表明气体浓度变大,28 min(温度280 ℃)左右时,气体浓度达到最大随后缓慢降低至0。根据文献[19]已报道的气体红外数据,由图2b分析峰形和振动频率可知,HATO热分解产生的具有红外活性的气体主要有CO2(3705,3499,2354,2305,668 cm-1)、N2O(2581,2237,2201,1303,1272 cm-1)、HCN(720 cm-1)、NH3(969 cm-1)、NO(1908,1846 cm-1)。由图2c分析离子碎片的大小及强度,可以看出HATO热分解产生的气体有N2m/z=28)、NH3 m/z = 15,16,17)、H2O (m/z = 18)、HCN (m/z=26,27)、NO(m/z=30)、N2O或者CO2m/z=44)。热分解温度为480℃左右时HATO/AP共混物分解比较彻底,气体浓度最大。分析图2d谱图可知,HATO/AP共混物分解产生具有红外活性气体主要有CO2(3745,3652,2340,2293 cm-1)、N2O(2582,2551,2231,2202,1302,1271 cm-1)、NOCl(1809,1774 cm-1)、HCN(711 cm-1)、NH3(967, 932 cm-1)、NO(1905,1849 cm-1)、少量HCl(2991 cm-1)。由图2e可见,HATO/AP共混物热分解产生的气体有NH3m/z=15,16,17)、H2O(m/z=18)、HCN(m/z=26,27)、NO(m/z=30)、N2O或者CO2m/z=44)。以上结果表明,HATO热分解气体浓度变化趋势与HATO的TG、DSC曲线基本吻合,反映了HATO两个热分解阶段是连续的,气体浓度增至最大后缓慢降低; 结合红外谱图与质谱图结果可知,HATO受热分解产生的气体主要有:CO2N2O、HCN、NH3、NO、N2H2O。HATO/AP共混物热分解产生气体主要有:N2、CO2N2O、HCN、NH3H2O、HCN、NO、HCl、NOCl。对比二者红外谱图峰的相对强度可以看出,HCN、NO含量增加,从质谱图(图2e)可以发现m/z=15的峰强度比较弱,表示NH3含量较少。AP单质热分解产生的气[16]主要有NO2N2O、NO、HCl、NOCl。可以说明,在AP的作用下HATO的中N主要转化为了N2O、NO和HCN,进一步表明HATO与AP发生了强烈的相互作用。

  • 3.3 凝聚相分析

    HATO是以联四唑基团为骨架,与两个羟胺正离子组成的离子盐化合物,分子内存在丰富的C—N、N N键。由图3可见,3422 cm-1代表的是NH3OH+上羟基的氢氧键伸缩振动,由于空气中H2O的作用使得氢氧键伸缩振动吸收发生蓝移(向高频率波段移动),3058,1577,1526 cm-1处的吸收带是HATO的芳香基团即四唑环的特征吸收,814 cm-1特征吸收由四唑环上的氮氧键伸缩振动造成,624 cm-1出现的特征吸收为AP的高氯酸根的氯氧之间伸缩振动。

    图3
                            HATO/AP共混物的红外谱图

    图3 HATO/AP共混物的红外谱图

    Fig.3 IR spectra of HATO and AP blends

    HATO、HATO/AP共混物特征基团四唑环在2.5 ℃·min-1升温速率下红外吸收强度变化如图4a。由图4a可见,对比红外吸收强度变化曲线的“突跃”点,HATO/AP共混物比HATO单质延后5 ℃左右,但最终二者四唑环的相对红外吸收强度都接近0;可以说明,AP的加入能使HATO四唑环热分解温度提高,但AP并不影响HATO分解完全性。将四唑环的红外吸光度值随温度变化趋势转换为转化率(α)与温度的关系即α=(λmax-λx)/(λmax-λmin),其中α为转化率,λx为某一温度下的吸光度值,λminλmax为分解范围内红外吸光度的最大值和最小值。HATO和HATO/AP共混物在2.5、5、10、20 ℃·min-1升温速率下转化率(α)与温度(T)的变化关系分别如图4b和图4c所示。

    html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F006.png

    a. IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO and AP blends tetrazole ring with temperature

    html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F007.png

    b. conversion curves of HATO tetrazole ring at different heating rates

    html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F008.png

    c. conversion curves of HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring at different heating rates

    图4 HATO、HATO/AP共混物四唑环红外吸收吸强度与温度关系

    Fig.4 Relationships between IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring and temperature

    将HATO不同升温速率下转化率(α)所对应的温度数据带入Kissinger方程(1[18],通过数值模拟可得不同转化率(α)所对应的活化能,结果见表1。分析表1可知,在0%~100%范围内,HATO四唑环基团的活化能始终低于HATO/AP共混物,进一步计算得到HATO和HATO/AP共混物四唑环基团活化能平均值分别为53.38 kJ·mol-1和60.69 kJ·mol-1

    表1 热分解活化能随转化率的变化

    Table 1 Thermal decomposition activation energy of HATO with conversion rate

    tetrazole ringα / %E / kJ·mol-1r
    HATO1047.530.9754
    2053.920.9912
    3055.860.9951
    4055.120.9962
    5054.810.9954
    6054.300.9949
    7052.150.9973
    8050.770.9991
    9051.000.9928
    10058.370.9972
    HATO/AP blends1050.560.9653
    2061.010.9932
    3061.940.9893
    4064.110.9926
    5064.750.9885
    6062.650.9861
    7063.560.9815
    8060.750.9713
    9057.670.9481
    10059.870.9968
    lnβiTi2=-ERTi+lnARE(i=1,2,3,4)
    (1)
  • 3.4 机理分析

    基于HATO、HATO/AP共混物四唑环基团活化能计算值、热行为曲线变化特征、以及热分解产生的气体产物,推测HATO/AP共混物热分解可能机理如Scheme 1所示。AP热分解机理分为两个阶段,第一阶段主要是NH4+发生质子转移生成NH3和HClO4的降解过[15,20,21],主要反应过程如式(A)。HATO热分解第一步也是质子转移过[22];由图1可知,HATO初始分解温度低于AP,又HATO、AP都是含能离子盐,因此,HATO/AP共混物首先发生的反应为:AP铵根阳离子与HATO阴离子之间发生质子转移,促进HATO的分解反应正向进行,从而导致HATO分解温度提前,根据文献[23],HATO热分解第一阶段产生羟胺和1,1'‑二羟基‑5,5'‑联四唑(BTO),BTO与NH3反应生成5, 5'‑联四唑‑1, 1'‑二氧铵盐(ABTOX),羟胺进一步分解成H2O、NH3等小分[24]。根据图1中AP的DSC初始分解峰温以及ABTOX热分解温[25],HATO/AP共混物其次发生的反应为:AP生成NH3和HClO4的降解过程与ABTOX热分解反应;随着温度的升高,ABTOX分解成BTO;BTO可能发生N—N键断裂生成产物a,产物a进一步被HClO4降解产生的O2或者活性O氧化成氮氧化物等小分子或者生成偶联产[26],BTO也可能发生C—N键断裂生成产物b并进一步产生N2等小分子。HATO/AP共混物最后即高温阶段发生的反应可能是NH3氧化反[15],也可能是偶联产物被高温氧化;通过质谱检测到的离子碎片m/z=15强度很低,与HATO/AP共混物分解残渣剩余量更低可以证实。由以上结果可以推测:AP的加入促进了HATO质子转移反应正向进行,导致HATO分解温度提前;HATO/AP共混物分解生成的NH3与BTO反应生成ABTOX导致了HATO分解时间延长。

    Scheme 1 Thermal decomposition mechanism of HATO/AP blends

  • 4 结 论

    (1) HATO与AP之间发生了强烈的相互作用。HATO与AP共混后,HATO使得AP在244.5 ℃的熔融吸热峰消失; AP使HATO初始热分解温度从236.8 ℃提前到225.8 ℃,并且在一定程度上延长了HATO的热分解时间但不影响其分解完全性。

    (2) 采用TG‑FTIR‑MS联用技术测定了HATO及HATO/AP共混物的热分解气体,HATO热分解产生的气体主要有CO2N2O、HCN、NH3、NO、N2H2O; HATO/AP共混物产生气体主要有: N2、CO2N2O、HCN、NH3H2O、HCN、NO、HCl、NOCl。

    (3) AP对HATO的热分解影响机理是: AP的铵根离子与HATO之间发生了H+转移,导致分解温度提前; HATO/AP共混物热分解产生的NH3与BTO反应生成ABTOX延长了HTAO的热分解时间。

    (责编: 王艳秀)

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张坤

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

邮 箱:zhangkun204@163.com

作者简介:张坤(1992-),男,硕士研究生,主要从事混合炸药技术研究。e⁃mail:zhangkun204@163.com

陶俊

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

王晓峰

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

角 色:通讯作者

Role:Corresponding author

邮 箱:wangxf_204@163.com

作者简介:王晓峰(1967-),男,研究员,主要从事混合炸药技术研究。e⁃mail:wangxf_204@163.com

常静

机 构:西安瑞联新材料股份有限公司,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi'an Manareco New Material Co., Ltd, Xi′an 710000, China

毕福强

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

姜帆

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

杨雄

机 构:西安近代化学研究所,陕西 西安 710065

Affiliation:Xi′an Modern Chemistry Research Institute, Xi′an 710065, China

html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F002.png
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F003.png
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F010.jpg
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F004.png
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F006.png
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F007.png
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F008.png
tetrazole ringα / %E / kJ·mol-1r
HATO1047.530.9754
2053.920.9912
3055.860.9951
4055.120.9962
5054.810.9954
6054.300.9949
7052.150.9973
8050.770.9991
9051.000.9928
10058.370.9972
HATO/AP blends1050.560.9653
2061.010.9932
3061.940.9893
4064.110.9926
5064.750.9885
6062.650.9861
7063.560.9815
8060.750.9713
9057.670.9481
10059.870.9968
html/hncl/CJEM2019149/alternativeImage/80cf09b2-81a2-4aa2-87c6-9490d7e5b76d-F009.png

图1 升温速率10 ℃·min-1时HATO、AP和HATO/AP共混物的TG、DTG及DSC曲线 -- a. TG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

Fig.1 TG,DTG and DSC curves of HATO, AP and HATO/AP blends at a heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1 -- a. TG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

图1 升温速率10 ℃·min-1时HATO、AP和HATO/AP共混物的TG、DTG及DSC曲线 -- b. DSC, DTG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

Fig.1 TG,DTG and DSC curves of HATO, AP and HATO/AP blends at a heating rate of 10 ℃·min-1 -- b. DSC, DTG curves of HATO, AP, HATO/AP blends

图3 HATO/AP共混物的红外谱图

Fig.3 IR spectra of HATO and AP blends

图4 HATO、HATO/AP共混物四唑环红外吸收吸强度与温度关系 -- a. IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO and AP blends tetrazole ring with temperature

Fig.4 Relationships between IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring and temperature -- a. IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO and AP blends tetrazole ring with temperature

图4 HATO、HATO/AP共混物四唑环红外吸收吸强度与温度关系 -- b. conversion curves of HATO tetrazole ring at different heating rates

Fig.4 Relationships between IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring and temperature -- b. conversion curves of HATO tetrazole ring at different heating rates

图4 HATO、HATO/AP共混物四唑环红外吸收吸强度与温度关系 -- c. conversion curves of HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring at different heating rates

Fig.4 Relationships between IR absorption intensity of HATO, HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring and temperature -- c. conversion curves of HATO/AP blends tetrazole ring at different heating rates

表1 热分解活化能随转化率的变化

Table 1 Thermal decomposition activation energy of HATO with conversion rate

Scheme 1 Thermal decomposition mechanism of HATO/AP blends

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