From three aspects of mechanical behavior, application research of protective structures and energy-mitigation mechanism, the research progress in using polyurea elastomer for enhanced structural protective performance under blast and impact loading was reviewed. Polyurea elastomer possesses many desirable properties including ease of application, rapid cure time, adhesive property and excellent quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties, particularly high strain rate dependence and elongation. It is considered that polyurea elastomer for enhanced structural protective performance including concrete masonry wall, metal structure and nonmetal composite material structure has made important progress. Some regular knowledge including effects of the location and the quality ratio of the polyurea elastomer in the composite structure on the anti-detonation performance, the mechanism of using polyurea elatomer for enhanced anti-detonation performance in various composite structures has been obtained. Also, polyurea elastomer is considered as a great potential material in explosion protection field. Simultaneously, it is pointed out that present research is scattered and lacks unsystematic. In the future, more precise constitutive model, the factors affecting the blast resistance of polyurea elastomer, the micro-energy mitigation mechanism of polyurea elastomer and the dimensional effect of protective structure are needed to be studied further.