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ZANG xiaowei, QIAN zhixiang, GE yifan, ZHU peng, XU jianbing, ZHANG wei, YE yinghua, SHEN ruiqi
Online:October 09, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026166
Abstract:Accurate extraction of material entities， attributes， and entity-attribute associations from unstructured scientific literature is a critical step in constructing high-quality datasets for energetic materials （EMs） and providing a structured knowledge foundation for subsequent knowledge graph construction. In this study， we developed EM-Bench 1.0， a full-text information extraction benchmark for Chinese-language literature on EMs. The benchmark comprises 40 articles published in major Chinese journals from 2021 to 2026 and includes annotations for material names， chemical formulas， polymorphs， crystal systems， space groups， unit-cell parameters， and densities. Simplified Molecular Input Line Entry System （SMILES） representations were treated separately as an exploratory knowledge-reasoning task. The benchmark ground truth was independently annotated by two domain researchers， followed by cross-validation， with disputed cases adjudicated by a domain expert. Under a task-level zero-shot setting， each article was converted into a complete Markdown document and evaluated using a unified prompt and JSON output format. Four large language model （LLM） platforms， ChatGPT， DeepSeek， Gemini， and ChemELLM， were evaluated at the full-text level. Each model-document pair was independently tested three times under identical conditions， and the valid output with the highest overall F1 score was retained as the final result to characterize the relatively strong performance attainable under the current test setting. Predictions were semantically matched and comparatively analyzed at the material-field instance level. Gemini achieved the highest overall F1 score （70.1%）， whereas ChatGPT achieved the highest recall （82.2%）. ChemELLM performed particularly well in material-name extraction （F1 = 70.5%） and polymorph extraction （F1 = 13.8%）， produced no missing units for unit-cell parameters， and generated the fewest unsupported entities （51）. The results indicate that current LLMs already possess a certain capability for full-text information extraction from Chinese literature on EMs； however， omissions， unsupported generations， and entity-attribute mismatches remain common. Therefore， model outputs should not be directly used for high-confidence knowledge ingestion without manual verification. The reported results reflect model performance under the specific test dates， web-interface configurations， and best-of-three selection strategy adopted in this study， rather than stable model performance or persistent cross-version rankings. EM-Bench 1.0 is intended to provide a standardized benchmark for large language model selection and fine-tuning， EM high-quality dataset construction， and automated knowledge acquisition for knowledge graph construction.
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HUANG Zheng, ZHANG Cong, YUE Mingkai, LIU Yong, BAI Haijun, HOU Shuai
Online:October 09, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026157
Abstract:The anti-rethrow performance， which is realized through rapid ground motion of the projectile， is a critical operational effectiveness indicator for combustion-type anti-riot ammunition. To effectively simulate and evaluate this performance， a gas diffusion model within the projectile cavity was established based on the typical structure and composition of an anti-riot colored smoke projectile. The gas velocity and pressure at the orifices were obtained using computational fluid dynamics （CFD） methods， from which the thrust was calculated via the jet thrust formula. Subsequently， a dynamic model of the projectile ground motion was developed and solved using finite element numerical simulation to analyze the movement of the ammunition. To further validate the simulation accuracy and compare the effects of different projectile structures on the anti-rethrow performance， experimental measurements using actual projectiles were conducted to analyze the projectile motion trajectory， and additional simulations were performed to investigate the influence of varying orifice numbers， diameters， and inclination angles on the projectile’s travel distance and vertical displacement. The results demonstrate that the numerical simulation results for the typical projectile structure agree well with the experimental data， with only a 4.96% discrepancy in projectile displacement. During the numerical simulation， the variations in the orifice outlet velocity， orifice wall pressure， and cavity pressure tend to stabilize 6 s after ignition and smoke generation， which corresponds to the projectile entering a steady rotational motion after 6 s under actual operating conditions. Furthermore， the orifice diameter and the number of orifices significantly affect the projectile motion process： a reduction in orifice diameter tends to induce significant irregular oscillations in the vertical displacement curve； a smaller number of orifices leads to higher orifice wall pressure， higher outlet velocity at the orifice， and consequently greater thrust. Based on a comprehensive consideration of the anti-rebound performance， a configuration with four orifices， a diameter of 3 mm， and an inclination angle of 40°–50°， or a configuration with three orifices， a diameter of 3 mm， and an inclination angle of 40°-50°， is recommended. This study can effectively guide the future design of the anti-rethrow performance for such ammunition.
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YUAN Ye, LIU Lei, CHENG Guangbin, HUANG Wei, TANG Yongxing
Online:September 29, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026131
Abstract:4-（1<i>H</i>-tetrazol-5-yl）-3-amino-1<i>H</i>-pyrazole was used as a precursor to synthesize the azo-bridged pyrazole-tetrazole compound （<bold>3</bold>） via electrochemical oxidative coupling in 74% yield. Compound <bold>3</bold> was further coordinated with potassium ions to construct a potassium-based energetic metal-organic framework （compound <bold>4</bold>）. The structures of <bold>3</bold> and <bold>4</bold> were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy （NMR）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， and elemental analysis （EA）， compound <bold>4</bold> further confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction （SC-XRD）. The pore structure and specific surface area of compound <bold>4</bold> were investigated by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller （BET） analysis. Thermal stabilities of compounds <bold>3</bold> and <bold>4</bold> were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and thermogravimetric analysis （TG）， and their detonation performances were theoretically predicted by EXPLO5. Results show that compound 4 crystallizes in the hexagonal system， featuring one-dimensional channels with an aperture of approximately 12.97 Å and a BET surface area of 11.62 m<sup>2</sup>·g<sup>-1</sup>. The thermal decomposition temperatures of compounds 3 and 4 are 263 ℃ and 303 ℃， respectively. Compound 3 exhibits impact and friction sensitivities of 32 J and 324 N， both superior to those of RDX and HNS. Compound 4 shows an impact sensitivity of 18 J， superior to both RDX and HNS， and a friction sensitivity of 216 N， superior to RDX but inferior to HNS. This work avoids the use of strong oxidizing agents， featuring mild reaction conditions， high atom economy， and good selectivity， providing a new avenue for the green synthesis of energetic MOFs.
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Online:September 21, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026197
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WEI Binbang, WU Junying, FENG Zirui, GAO Xifei, ZHOU Kaipeng
Online:September 16, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026136
Abstract:To address the engineering difficulty of inaccurate prediction of thermal holding time for large-size solid propellant charges，high and low temperature thermal holding tests and numerical simulations are carried out on a four-component HTPB propellant charge specimen.Temperature sensors are arranged inside the charge to collect time-series internal temperature data in real time，and the temperature variation rules throughout the whole thermal holding process are systematically revealed.A two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is established and validated by experimental data.The results show that the heat transfer process of the charge during thermal holding can be divided into three stages：temperature response stage，radial unsteady heat transfer stage and thermal equilibrium stage.In the radial unsteady heat transfer stage，the internal temperature of the charge follows a natural exponential law with time，while the shell surface temperature varies in accordance with the double natural exponential rule.In the thermal equilibrium stage，the temperature distribution presents a natural logarithmic function relationship with the radial relative position.Calculation verification indicates that the overall numerical error is less than 10%，with deviations of 5.5% and 9.9% under high-temperature and low-temperature working conditions respectively，which meets the engineering accuracy requirements.Revising the first-type boundary condition with the time-series fitting function of shell surface temperature can effectively compensate for errors caused by numerical model simplification and improve the calculation accuracy of heat transfer inside the propellant charge.
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ZANG Xiao-wei, GE Yi-fan, ZHAN Gang, SHEN Rui-qi
Online:August 31, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026169
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GUO Wei, XUE Rong, CHEN Sitong, WEN Yushi, BAO Yuan, WANG Xiang, CAO Wei, LI Ming
Online:September 06, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026092
Abstract:With the rapid development of high-throughput design and synthesis technologies， the creation of new energetic materials has become increasingly efficient. However， due to safety and cost considerations， the amount of material synthesized in the experimental stage is typically at the milligram scale， posing significant challenges for accurately evaluating key performance parameters such as detonation velocity， pressure， heat， volume， temperature， and sensitivity. Traditional testing methods usually require large sample quantities， entail high costs and safety risks， and are affected by variations in charge amount and sample geometry， which may introduce two-dimensional effects and rarefaction effects that compromise data reliability. To address these limitations， this review focuses on the rapid evaluation of energetic material performance at micro-scale quantities， systematically summarizing the current applications of conventional detonation energy assessment methods and highlighting recent advances in micro-quantity testing technologies based on high-energy laser interactions. The results indicate that laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） and laser induced microexplosion transient shockwave （LIMTS） techniques enable efficient diagnostics of detonation performance and energy-release characteristics of energetic materials under micro-scale conditions， offering a promising approach for safe and rapid performance evaluation. Finally， this review discusses the current limitations of laser-induced diagnostic techniques in terms of sample-state standardization， spatiotemporal resolution， quantitative energy measurement， cross-scale correlation models， and combustion-mechanism analysis. Future development directions are proposed， including refined diagnostics of the early laser-induced reaction stage， multimodal coupling of LIBS and LIMTS， elucidation of micro-quantity combustion mechanisms， and the multidimensional and intelligent development of parameter evaluation methods.
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ZHANG Zi-xuan, WANG Zhi-hao, CHU Xing-rong, LIU Gui-tao, ZHAO Kong-xun
Online:June 26, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026043
Abstract:Reactive materials possess distinctive impact-induced reaction characteristics， enabling them to undergo chemical reactions and release substantial energy under high-velocity impact. Owing to their excellent energy-release performance， reactive damage materials have become one of the key material systems for enhancing the overall lethality of warheads. To achieve optimized design and performance regulation of such materials， appropriate characterization methods and reliable numerical simulation techniques are essential. Through accurate characterization and dependable simulation， the mechanical response and chemical energy-release mechanisms of these materials under impact loading can be effectively revealed， thereby providing guidance for performance optimization. This paper focuses on four typical categories of reactive materials， namely thermite-type reactive materials， metal/polymer composite reactive materials， metal/metal composite reactive materials， and reactive alloys， and systematically reviews their classification features and research status. Emphasis is placed on studies of experimental characterization methods for dynamic mechanical properties， impact-induced energy-release response characterization， constitutive modeling， and numerical simulation methods. By considering the compositional characteristics and response mechanisms of different material systems， the applicability of experimental methods such as drop-hammer impact， ballistic impact， pressure chamber testing， split Hopkinson pressure bar testing， and plate impact testing in characterizing mechanical response， reaction initiation， energy-release output， and damage aftereffects is analyzed. In addition， the applications of typical constitutive models， equations of state， reaction models， and numerical methods in predicting impact response， energy-release behavior， and damage assessment of reactive materials are summarized. Finally， the current issues in material system design， experimental techniques， and dedicated model development are discussed， and future research directions are outlined.
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GAO Yu, ZHANG Mai, CHEN Wei, CAO Huizhi, WANG Shuaiyu, WU Qiong, TAN Linghua
Online:July 27, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026086
Abstract:To reduce the cost， development cycle， and safety risks associated with energetic materials research， and to improve the design efficiency of high-energy oxygen- and nitrogen-rich azole energetic compounds， a precise design strategy based on interpretable machine learning was proposed. A dataset containing 150 samples was constructed from reported detonation velocity data of azole energetic compounds. Twenty-four structural and molecular descriptors were selected， and four detonation velocity prediction models were developed. The results show that the support vector machine （SVM） model exhibited the best predictive performance， with a test-set coefficient of determination of 0.9367， a root mean square error of 0.14 km·s-1， and average and maximum relative errors of 1.6% and 3.4%， respectively. Model interpretability analysis indicates that oxygen balance， the mass fraction of nitrogen gas in detonation products， the number of nitro groups， and MolLogP are key descriptors affecting detonation velocity. Guided by these findings， a low-sensitivity azole-fused ring scaffold was selected， and 48 novel oxygen- and nitrogen-rich azole energetic compounds were designed. Predictions from the optimal model show that all designed molecules have detonation velocities higher than or comparable to that of RDX， among which 11 molecules， accounting for 22.9%， surpass HMX in detonation velocity， with predicted impact sensitivities comparable to or better than that of HMX. These results demonstrate that interpretable machine learning can be applied to the rapid screening and precise design of high-energy azole energetic compounds， providing an effective approach for the development of novel high-performance energetic materials.
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TAN Xuchen, ZENG Zhiwei, TANG Mingjie, CHEN Chunhui, CHENG Guangbin, HUANG Wei, LIU Yuji, TANG Yonxing
Online:July 14, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026081
Abstract:To address the issues of low reaction efficiency and poor safety in the traditional batch process for the alternative nucleophilic substitution （VNS） amination of 3，4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole， this study employed continuous flow microreactor technology to investigate its VNS amination synthesis process and reaction kinetics. Key parameters such as temperature， feed flow rate， and residence time were systematically examined for their effects on the VNS amination reaction. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as a molar ratio of 4-amino-4H-1，2，4-triazole∶3，4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole = 3.6∶1， temperature of 60 ℃， flow rate of 50 mL·min-1， and residence time of 105 s， achieving a maximum yield of 71% with reaction time significantly reduced from 30 min to 105 s. Kinetic studies showed that the VNS amination reaction followed a first-order kinetic model， with an activation energy of 15.50 kJ·mol-1； the fitted kinetic model was well-constrained by experimental data across the temperature range of 30-60 ℃.
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CHEN Shaochen, LI Tiebin, GAO Suqi, PENG Junsheng, ZHAO Xiangyang, YAN Yongqing, XU Pengcheng, LI Jun
Online:July 02, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026101
Abstract:To reduce the cost and cycle time of iterative design experiments for composite solid propellant （CSP） formulations， this study combines machine learning with virtual formulation generation algorithms to conduct high-throughput virtual screening of nitrate ester plasticized polyether （NEPE） propellant burning rate performance and formulations. First， a dataset was constructed using 85 experimental data samples of NEPE propellants， with formulation composition， theoretical molar mass （MT）， and working pressure （P） as inputs. A gradient boosting regression tree （GBRT） model was developed to predict the burning rate of NEPE propellants， and the Shapley Additive Explanations （SHAP） method was employed to calculate feature importance and identify key factors influencing burning rate. Subsequently， a constrained grid search algorithm was used to generate a large number of virtual formulations， and the GBRT model was applied to calculate the burning rates of all virtual formulations at multiple working pressures and the burning rate pressure exponents across various pressure ranges. Finally， virtual formulations were filtered and ranked according to different screening criteria. The results show that the GBRT model achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.980， mean absolute error of 0.427 mm·s-1， root mean square error of 0.574 mm·s⁻¹， and symmetric mean absolute percentage error of 6.972% on the test set. P， MT， and the mass percentage of Φ-Pb were identified as the three most important features. Using the constrained grid search algorithm， 377，127 virtual formulations were generated. After four rounds of screening （criteria： burning rate at 6 MPa within （10.00 ± 0.10） mm·s-1， and burning rate pressure exponents below 0.5 across the ranges of 4-10， 6-10， and 4-6 MPa）， 637 virtual formulations met the requirements. Finally， the top 10 virtual formulations were selected based on proximity to the target burning rate （10.00 mm·s-1） and the magnitude of burning rate pressure exponents， respectively. The formulation screening framework proposed in this study provides an efficient and feasible pathway for achieving intelligent design of CSP formulations.
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LU Yi-ming, SHENG Xing-yu, YANG Kun, WU Yan-qing, QU Ke-peng, WANG Yi-xin, LIU Yan
Online:June 24, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026055
Abstract:Aiming at the unclear issue of damage accumulation and evolution related to the stress state of explosive charge during multiple penetration processes， this study employs a micro-crack and micro-void macro-meso damage model for PBX explosives， combined with an interface cohesion damage model. It comprehensively considers various micro-defect damage mechanisms， including the opening and shear propagation of microcracks in explosive particles， the expansion and distortion of microvoids in the matrix， as well as interface cracking and tearing damage. The stress states and micro-defect accumulation and evolution of a penetration warhead charge during penetration of a ten-layer concrete target at different impact angles are comparatively analyzed. The results indicate that during multiple penetrations， the charge experiences cyclic pulse loading. The deflection of the projectile attitude （from 10° to 44°） shifts the loading mode from predominantly axial compression to tangential shear， inducing abrupt changes in local pressure peaks （from 50 to 220 MPa） and significant increases in shear stress， thereby accelerating damage accumulation. Microcrack and interface damage within the charge initially initiate at the head edge region， propagate to the tail during stages of pronounced attitude deflection， and eventually， opening-mode cracks develop in the middle section of the charge due to bending effects. An increased impact angle （from 0° to 10°） intensifies the internal shear action on the charge， extending microcrack damage towards the middle and rear sections， enhancing microvoid distortion damage， and transitioning interface damage from early-stage opening-dominated to late-stage shear-dominated behavior. The simulated damage distribution and morphological characteristics are in good agreement with experimental CT images， validating the effectiveness of the proposed model. The findings provide theoretical support for deepening the understanding of damage accumulation and stability degradation mechanisms of charges under multiple penetrations， and for advancing the digital design capability of penetration stability.
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LI Tai-chuan, MEI Yu-xin, LI Lan, ZHANG Chao-yang, HUANG Xin
Online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026103
Abstract:To reveal the mechanism by which oriented alignment of thermally conductive fillers enhances the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites， a two-dimensional steady-state heat conduction numerical model was established for graphene/fluoropolymer composites. The effects of filler volume fraction， aspect ratio， and orientation angle on the effective thermal conductivity of the composites were systematically investigated. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of the composite increases with the rise of graphene volume fraction and aspect ratio， but decreases with the increase of orientation angle. Graphene orientation exhibits a significant regulatory effect on directional thermal conductivity， and there is a cosine relationship between orientation angle and effective thermal conductivity， with the average coefficient of determination R2 of the fitting equation exceeding 0.99. At a volume fraction of 30% and an aspect ratio of 20∶1， as the orientation angle decreases from 90° to 10°， the effective thermal conductivity of the composite increases from 0.233 W·m-1·K-1 to 1.285 W·m-1·K-1， representing an increase of approximately 450%. This study demonstrates that oriented alignment of thermally conductive fillers can optimize the geometric matching between fillers and heat flow direction， improving the continuity and directionality of internal heat conduction pathways in composites， thereby significantly enhancing thermal transport capability along the target direction. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the structural design and performance regulation of thermally anisotropic high-thermal-conductivity composites.
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FANG-Song-hang, LUO Gui-ying, YOU Ting, DAI Jiu-shaung, ZHOU Jie
Online:March 31, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025248
Abstract:To improve the plasticizing effect of high-nitrogen single-base gun propellant and determine appropriate process parameters for high-nitrogen nitrocellulose （NC） during continuous twin-screw plastication， Molecular dynamics simulation was employed to analyze the effects of ethanol-ether mass ratio and solvent-NC mass ratio on NC plasticization. Ethanol-ether solubility experiments and rheological tests of the plasticized material were conducted to verify the simulation results. Results show that the solubility parameter of the ethanol-ether mixed solvent closely matches that of high-nitrogen NC. Strong hydrogen-bonding and electrostatic interactions exist between high-nitrogen NC and ethanol， while van der Waals forces dominate between NC and ether. At an ethanol-ether mass ratio of 1∶1.4， ethanol forms strong hydrogen bonds with NC， resulting in higher solubility， which is in good consistency with the experimental results that NC exhibits maximum solubility at an ethanol-ether mass ratio of 1∶1.36. Increasing the solvent-NC mass ratio within a certain range weakens the intramolecular hydrogen-bond interaction of NC and increases the radius of gyration of the molecular chains. These changes are correlated with the macroscopic phenomena of reduced shear viscosity of the material and a more compact and uniform extruded strands surface. At a solvent-to-NC mass ratio of 0.85， NC exhibits the largest radius of gyration for NC （2.24 nm） and the fewest intramolecular hydrogen bonds， which aligns with the experimental result that the apparent shear viscosity of the material is minimized at a solvent-NC mass ratio of 0.825. Due to the combined effects of strong screw shear and solvent volatilization， it is recommended to use a lower screw speed when plasticizing high-nitrogen NC with the simulated solvent-NC mass ratio. Additionally， appropriately increasing the screw speed under a low solvent-NC mass ratio can also effectively reduce material viscosity， attention must be given to the potential adverse effects caused by shear-induced heating.
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LIN Gao-ming, WANG Su-wei, LIU Xiao-lu, ZHU Lin-yi, LIU Yao, WANG Kang
Online:March 18, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025242
Abstract:To address the challenges of low automation， high danger， and poor uniformity in conventional charging processes of thermoplastic energetic materials， this study introduced a vertical screw charging technology and established a quantitative comprehensive performance evaluation method to guide process optimization， aiming to systematically enhance process efficiency， charging quality， and operational safety. Based on an analysis of the viscoelastic properties of the slurry， the rheological behavior of the slurry during extrusion under different process conditions and formulation components was simulated， and the formation mechanisms of high-temperature and high-pressure hot spots were investigated. The results show that increasing the solid content mass fraction from 75% to 85% significantly reduces the slurry flowability， with increases in flow field pressure and shear stress by 827% and 600%， respectively， and an increase in viscous heating by 384 kW·m-3. These changes intensify the thermo-mechanical coupling behavior during screw extrusion， reduce process safety， and raise the process risk coefficient from 0.99 to 3.36. However， by adjusting the screw speed （within the range of 10 r·min-1 to 30 r·min-1） and incorporating metal particles to enhance the thermal conduction network among the barrel， slurry， and screw， the temperature fluctuation range can be reduced by 0.8 ℃ to 1.9 ℃， effectively suppressing the formation of local hot spots.
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LIU Jin-ming, ZHAO Xin, LI Wei, E Xiu-tian-feng
Online:March 17, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026002
Abstract:To investigate the effect of low-molecule-weight gelators on the overall performance of gel fuels， five acylhydrazone-based low-molecular-weight gelators were designed and synthesized. Kerosene gel fuels were prepared using the heating-cooling method， and the gelation mechanism was examined. A comprehensive evaluation system for gelator performance was established based on six parameters： the minimum addition amount of gelators （A）， the phase transition temperature （Tg）， the physicochemical stability （Spc）， the loss rate of energy density （Eloss）， the shear thinning capacity （Sthin） and the resetting property （R）. The results showed that all gelators could form three-dimensional network structures through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds and π-π conjugation， effectively confining kerosene molecules. Their gel fuels exhibited thermal reversibility （Tg = 50-80 ℃） and had good physical and chemical stability and shear thinning behavior. Among them， L18 gelator had the lowest minimum addition amount （3.1%） and the fastest gelation speed （15 s）. L5 gelator had the best physical and chemical stability and the mass retention rate was 97.5% at a high centrifugal speed of 10000 r·min-1. L16 gelator had the strongest shear thinning ability， with a viscosity of only 34.72 mPa·s after shearing. The conclusion indicated that based on the multi-dimensional performance evaluation system established by the institute， L16 and L18 gelators demonstrated significant comprehensive advantages.
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DOU Kai-le, ZHAO Wei-bo, HE Chun-lin, ZHANG Lei, PANG Si-ping
Online:February 03, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025237
Abstract:Energetic materials have attracted significant attention due to their critical roles in national defense， aerospace， and specialized engineering applications. However， their research and development are hindered by high experimental costs， safety risks， and lengthy synthesis cycles， which greatly limit the rapid iteration and practical deployment of novel energetic compounds. In recent years， machine learning （ML） has emerged as a powerful tool in chemistry and materials science owing to its strong capabilities in data modeling and prediction. This review summarizes the latest advances in machine learning–assisted chemical synthesis， focusing on three major aspects： reaction prediction， synthesis route planning， and automated synthesis. Particular emphasis is placed on the potential value and limitations of applying ML techniques to energetic material synthesis. The key challenges—such as data scarcity and inconsistency， lack of safety evaluation frameworks， and limited experimental validation and model retraining—are also discussed. Finally， the review outlines future perspectives， including the establishment of standardized and shareable databases， and the development of high-throughput and automated experimental platforms tailored for energetic systems. This work aims to provide theoretical insights and methodological support for achieving efficient and intelligent synthesis of energetic materials.
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WANG Zhe-jun, ZHANG Yan-shen, QIANG Hong-fu, CHEN Jia-xing, WU Rui
Online:June 11, 2025 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025049
Abstract:To investigate the creep mechanical properties of tri-component hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene （HTPB） composite solid propellant under different temperatures and stress levels， creep mechanical performance tests were conducted using a self-developed mechanical creep testing equipment， a temperature-humidity environmental chamber， and a high-definition camera. Tests were performed at environmental temperatures of 10 ℃， 25 ℃， 40 ℃ and 55 ℃， covering a stress range of 0.072 to 0.712 MPa . The strain-creep time curves were obtained， along with the variation patterns of typical mechanical property parameters with environmental temperature and stress level. A master curve for the creep rupture time， reflecting the propellant’s failure behavior under broad loading conditions， was established. The results indicate that， as the stress level increases， the characteristics of the propellant’s strain-creep time curve shift from three stages to four stages. Increasing environmental temperature reduces the critical stress level at which the four-stage curve characteristic exhibits， and this stress follows an exponential decay pattern， decreasing from 0.562 MPa at 10 ℃ to 0.262 MPa at 55 ℃ with a reduction ratio of 53.38%. The initial creep compliance increases with rising environmental temperature but remains almost unchanged with increasing stress level. When both environmental temperature and stress level increase， the creep rate increases， creep rupture time shortens， cumulative damage degree increases， and cumulative damage rate accelerates. In contrast， the fracture strain is primarily sensitive to changes in stress level and exhibits a linear increasing trend with increasing stress level. The creep rate under 55 ℃ and 0.412 MPa is approximately 493 times that under the same stress level at 10 ℃， and the creep rupture time is about 2.14% of that under the same stress level at 25 ℃. Finally， based on the double logarithmic test data of creep rupture time versus stress level under different environmental temperatures， and using the environmental temperature-stress level equivalence relationship， a master curve for propellant’s creep rupture time was established. At the same time， exponential mathematical expressions for this master curve and the temperature shift factor were obtained. Calculations using these expressions indicate that， to ensure a vertically stored SRM grain does not experience creep rupture failure within 15 years at 25 ℃， the loading stress level should be lower than 0.2176 MPa.
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LIU Jin-ming, ZHAO Xin, LI Wei, E Xiu-tian-feng
Online:March 17, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026002
Abstract:To investigate the effect of low-molecule-weight gelators on the overall performance of gel fuels， five acylhydrazone-based low-molecular-weight gelators were designed and synthesized. Kerosene gel fuels were prepared using the heating-cooling method， and the gelation mechanism was examined. A comprehensive evaluation system for gelator performance was established based on six parameters： the minimum addition amount of gelators （A）， the phase transition temperature （Tg）， the physicochemical stability （Spc）， the loss rate of energy density （Eloss）， the shear thinning capacity （Sthin） and the resetting property （R）. The results showed that all gelators could form three-dimensional network structures through non-covalent interactions such as hydrogen bonds and π-π conjugation， effectively confining kerosene molecules. Their gel fuels exhibited thermal reversibility （Tg = 50-80 ℃） and had good physical and chemical stability and shear thinning behavior. Among them， L18 gelator had the lowest minimum addition amount （3.1%） and the fastest gelation speed （15 s）. L5 gelator had the best physical and chemical stability and the mass retention rate was 97.5% at a high centrifugal speed of 10000 r·min-1. L16 gelator had the strongest shear thinning ability， with a viscosity of only 34.72 mPa·s after shearing. The conclusion indicated that based on the multi-dimensional performance evaluation system established by the institute， L16 and L18 gelators demonstrated significant comprehensive advantages.
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LI Tai-chuan, MEI Yu-xin, LI Lan, ZHANG Chao-yang, HUANG Xin
Online:June 01, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026103
Abstract:To reveal the mechanism by which oriented alignment of thermally conductive fillers enhances the thermal conductivity of polymer matrix composites， a two-dimensional steady-state heat conduction numerical model was established for graphene/fluoropolymer composites. The effects of filler volume fraction， aspect ratio， and orientation angle on the effective thermal conductivity of the composites were systematically investigated. The results show that the effective thermal conductivity of the composite increases with the rise of graphene volume fraction and aspect ratio， but decreases with the increase of orientation angle. Graphene orientation exhibits a significant regulatory effect on directional thermal conductivity， and there is a cosine relationship between orientation angle and effective thermal conductivity， with the average coefficient of determination R2 of the fitting equation exceeding 0.99. At a volume fraction of 30% and an aspect ratio of 20∶1， as the orientation angle decreases from 90° to 10°， the effective thermal conductivity of the composite increases from 0.233 W·m-1·K-1 to 1.285 W·m-1·K-1， representing an increase of approximately 450%. This study demonstrates that oriented alignment of thermally conductive fillers can optimize the geometric matching between fillers and heat flow direction， improving the continuity and directionality of internal heat conduction pathways in composites， thereby significantly enhancing thermal transport capability along the target direction. The results can provide a theoretical basis for the structural design and performance regulation of thermally anisotropic high-thermal-conductivity composites.
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CHEN Shaochen, LI Tiebin, GAO Suqi, PENG Junsheng, ZHAO Xiangyang, YAN Yongqing, XU Pengcheng, LI Jun
Online:July 02, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026101
Abstract:To reduce the cost and cycle time of iterative design experiments for composite solid propellant （CSP） formulations， this study combines machine learning with virtual formulation generation algorithms to conduct high-throughput virtual screening of nitrate ester plasticized polyether （NEPE） propellant burning rate performance and formulations. First， a dataset was constructed using 85 experimental data samples of NEPE propellants， with formulation composition， theoretical molar mass （MT）， and working pressure （P） as inputs. A gradient boosting regression tree （GBRT） model was developed to predict the burning rate of NEPE propellants， and the Shapley Additive Explanations （SHAP） method was employed to calculate feature importance and identify key factors influencing burning rate. Subsequently， a constrained grid search algorithm was used to generate a large number of virtual formulations， and the GBRT model was applied to calculate the burning rates of all virtual formulations at multiple working pressures and the burning rate pressure exponents across various pressure ranges. Finally， virtual formulations were filtered and ranked according to different screening criteria. The results show that the GBRT model achieved a coefficient of determination of 0.980， mean absolute error of 0.427 mm·s-1， root mean square error of 0.574 mm·s⁻¹， and symmetric mean absolute percentage error of 6.972% on the test set. P， MT， and the mass percentage of Φ-Pb were identified as the three most important features. Using the constrained grid search algorithm， 377，127 virtual formulations were generated. After four rounds of screening （criteria： burning rate at 6 MPa within （10.00 ± 0.10） mm·s-1， and burning rate pressure exponents below 0.5 across the ranges of 4-10， 6-10， and 4-6 MPa）， 637 virtual formulations met the requirements. Finally， the top 10 virtual formulations were selected based on proximity to the target burning rate （10.00 mm·s-1） and the magnitude of burning rate pressure exponents， respectively. The formulation screening framework proposed in this study provides an efficient and feasible pathway for achieving intelligent design of CSP formulations.
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TAN Xuchen, ZENG Zhiwei, TANG Mingjie, CHEN Chunhui, CHENG Guangbin, HUANG Wei, LIU Yuji, TANG Yonxing
Online:July 14, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026081
Abstract:To address the issues of low reaction efficiency and poor safety in the traditional batch process for the alternative nucleophilic substitution （VNS） amination of 3，4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole， this study employed continuous flow microreactor technology to investigate its VNS amination synthesis process and reaction kinetics. Key parameters such as temperature， feed flow rate， and residence time were systematically examined for their effects on the VNS amination reaction. The optimal reaction conditions were determined as a molar ratio of 4-amino-4H-1，2，4-triazole∶3，4-dinitro-1H-pyrazole = 3.6∶1， temperature of 60 ℃， flow rate of 50 mL·min-1， and residence time of 105 s， achieving a maximum yield of 71% with reaction time significantly reduced from 30 min to 105 s. Kinetic studies showed that the VNS amination reaction followed a first-order kinetic model， with an activation energy of 15.50 kJ·mol-1； the fitted kinetic model was well-constrained by experimental data across the temperature range of 30-60 ℃.
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ZANG Xiao-wei, GE Yi-fan, ZHAN Gang, SHEN Rui-qi
Online:August 31, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026169
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GAO Yu, ZHANG Mai, CHEN Wei, CAO Huizhi, WANG Shuaiyu, WU Qiong, TAN Linghua
Online:July 27, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026086
Abstract:To reduce the cost， development cycle， and safety risks associated with energetic materials research， and to improve the design efficiency of high-energy oxygen- and nitrogen-rich azole energetic compounds， a precise design strategy based on interpretable machine learning was proposed. A dataset containing 150 samples was constructed from reported detonation velocity data of azole energetic compounds. Twenty-four structural and molecular descriptors were selected， and four detonation velocity prediction models were developed. The results show that the support vector machine （SVM） model exhibited the best predictive performance， with a test-set coefficient of determination of 0.9367， a root mean square error of 0.14 km·s-1， and average and maximum relative errors of 1.6% and 3.4%， respectively. Model interpretability analysis indicates that oxygen balance， the mass fraction of nitrogen gas in detonation products， the number of nitro groups， and MolLogP are key descriptors affecting detonation velocity. Guided by these findings， a low-sensitivity azole-fused ring scaffold was selected， and 48 novel oxygen- and nitrogen-rich azole energetic compounds were designed. Predictions from the optimal model show that all designed molecules have detonation velocities higher than or comparable to that of RDX， among which 11 molecules， accounting for 22.9%， surpass HMX in detonation velocity， with predicted impact sensitivities comparable to or better than that of HMX. These results demonstrate that interpretable machine learning can be applied to the rapid screening and precise design of high-energy azole energetic compounds， providing an effective approach for the development of novel high-performance energetic materials.
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WEI Binbang, WU Junying, FENG Zirui, GAO Xifei, ZHOU Kaipeng
Online:September 16, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026136
Abstract:To address the engineering difficulty of inaccurate prediction of thermal holding time for large-size solid propellant charges，high and low temperature thermal holding tests and numerical simulations are carried out on a four-component HTPB propellant charge specimen.Temperature sensors are arranged inside the charge to collect time-series internal temperature data in real time，and the temperature variation rules throughout the whole thermal holding process are systematically revealed.A two-dimensional axisymmetric finite element model is established and validated by experimental data.The results show that the heat transfer process of the charge during thermal holding can be divided into three stages：temperature response stage，radial unsteady heat transfer stage and thermal equilibrium stage.In the radial unsteady heat transfer stage，the internal temperature of the charge follows a natural exponential law with time，while the shell surface temperature varies in accordance with the double natural exponential rule.In the thermal equilibrium stage，the temperature distribution presents a natural logarithmic function relationship with the radial relative position.Calculation verification indicates that the overall numerical error is less than 10%，with deviations of 5.5% and 9.9% under high-temperature and low-temperature working conditions respectively，which meets the engineering accuracy requirements.Revising the first-type boundary condition with the time-series fitting function of shell surface temperature can effectively compensate for errors caused by numerical model simplification and improve the calculation accuracy of heat transfer inside the propellant charge.
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Online:September 21, 2026 DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026197
Abstract:
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ZHUANG Chao-yang, NI Yu-xiang, HUANG Xin, WANG Yan-qing
2026,34(9):993-995, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026187
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YANG Yuze, LIU Jinming, PEI Yu, E Xiu-tian-feng
2026,34(9):996-1006, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026085
Abstract:Hydroxylammonium nitrate （HAN） aqueous solution is strongly acidic and highly oxidative. To address these characteristics， three sorbitol acetal-based low-molecular-weight gelators （D1， D2， D3） were designed and synthesized， and the rapid gelation of HAN aqueous solution was successfully achieved. The gelation ability of the three gelators， as well as the rheological and thermodynamic properties of the HAN gel propellants， were systematically investigated. The results showed that all three gelators were structurally stable in acidic media and cooperatively constructed a three-dimensional network through non-covalent interactions， including hydrogen bonding， π-π stacking and halogen bonding. With only 1.0% gelator， 70% HAN aqueous solution could be gelled within 90-120 s. Rheological tests indicated that all three HAN gel propellants exhibited pronounced shear-thinning behavior， and their viscosities at high shear rate approached that of pure HAN solution， with a viscosity of 95.9 mPa·s at 1000 s-1. The thixotropic recovery rate reached as high as 87.5%， and the critical strain was 23.7%， demonstrating excellent mechanical stability. Thermodynamic analysis showed that the gel-sol transition temperatures ranged from 55-75 ℃. After storage at -25 ℃ for 30 min， no crystal precipitation or liquid exudation was observed， indicating suitable phase-transition reversibility and low-temperature stability. The gelators reduced the freezing point of HAN aqueous solution to below -25 ℃ and promoted the exothermic decomposition of HAN. The peak decomposition temperature decreased by 26.4 ℃， and the decomposition enthalpy increased to 526.3 J‧g-1. This study provides new low-molecular-weight gelator materials for the gelation of high-energy liquid propellants with strong acidity and oxidizing properties.
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LIU Shuo, CHENG Yaxi, TAO Minghui, LI Yaru, LI Yidi, CHEN Xiang, HU Jianian
2026,34(9):1007-1016, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026122
Abstract:To address the rapid heat dissipation， difficulty in sustaining combustion， and unstable energy release of energetic films under the strong cooling effect of water， Ti/poly（vinylidene fluoride） （Ti/PVDF） composite energetic films with different Ti contents were prepared by solution blending followed by freeze-drying. Their structural characteristics， wettability， thermal behavior， and ignition/combustion performance in air and underwater environments were systematically investigated. The results show that Ti particles were effectively incorporated into the PVDF matrix， while the characteristic crystalline structure of metallic Ti and the fluoropolymer structure of PVDF were retained， providing the structural basis for exothermic reactions between Ti and fluorinated decomposition products. Compared with air， the rapid heat transfer and strong cooling effect of water markedly increased the ignition difficulty and strongly influenced combustion propagation and energy release. At low Ti contents， the heat generated by the system was insufficient to compensate for heat loss to the surrounding water， making effective ignition difficult. As the Ti content increased， the apparent heat release increased and the underwater ignition and sustained reaction capability were enhanced. Meanwhile， the continuous film-forming and encapsulation effects of PVDF weakened， resulting in reduced hydrophobicity and more pronounced water contact and cooling of the reaction zone. Under the combined influence of enhanced heat release and intensified water cooling， the film containing 50 wt.% Ti exhibited better combustion sustainability， whereas the 60 and 70 wt.% Ti films reacted more rapidly and generated pronounced bubbles and surface disturbances. Overall， the 50 wt.% Ti film is more suitable for applications requiring sustained and stable combustion， while the 60 wt.% Ti film is more favorable for rapid and concentrated energy release.
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LI Wenlong, CHENG Zhipeng, LV Jialu, ZHANG Yu, WANG Xinyuan, WU Xingliang, FENG Mengmeng, LEI Chaogang, XU Sen
2026,34(9):1017-1025, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026121
Abstract:To comprehensively evaluate the thermal safety of energetic plasticizer/binder composite systems， a multiscale thermal analysis strategy was applied to N-butyl-N-（2-nitroxyethyl）nitramine （BuNENA）， poly（3，3-bis（azidomethyl）oxetane-co-tetrahydrofuran） （PBT）， and a BuNENA/PBT composite system with a mass ratio of 1∶1. Differential scanning calorimetry （DSC）， non-isothermal kinetic analysis， slow cook-off tests， 5 s explosion point tests， and self-accelerating decomposition temperature （TSADT） calculations based on the Semenov model were used to investigate their thermal decomposition behavior and thermal safety characteristics. The DSC results showed that BuNENA mainly underwent exothermic decomposition at 180-240 ℃， whereas PBT decomposed in a higher temperature range of 220-300 ℃. The BuNENA/PBT composite exhibited two exothermic peaks， and the first exothermic peak shifted to a higher temperature with a reduced low-temperature exothermic intensity， indicating that PBT could suppress the concentrated heat release of BuNENA at relatively low temperatures. Kinetic analysis further showed that the apparent activation energy of the first decomposition stage of BuNENA/PBT increased compared with that of pure BuNENA， suggesting an enhanced thermal decomposition barrier. In the slow cook-off test， the initial reaction temperature increased from 151.6 ℃ for BuNENA to 162.5 ℃ for BuNENA/PBT. The 5 s explosion point increased from 261.5 ℃ to 290.2 ℃. For a 25 kg package， the no-return temperature （TNR） and SADT of BuNENA/PBT were 134.7 ℃ and 128.1 ℃， respectively， which were higher than those of BuNENA. These results indicate that compounding BuNENA with PBT can reduce low-temperature concentrated exothermicity and improve the thermal safety margin of BuNENA-based energetic composite systems under slow heating， transient thermal stimulation， and storage-related thermal conditions.
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ZHANG Hao, FU Tao, WEN Qianqian, HE Hongtu, SUN Wenxu, YAN Xilin
2026,34(9):1026-1033, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026115
Abstract:Accurate characterization of the internal residual stress field in polymer-bonded explosives （PBX） is crucial for evaluating structural integrity and service safety. However， traditional inversion methods struggle to reconstruct this distribution efficiently and with high precision. A novel residual stress inversion method integrating distributed optical fiber sensing with physics-informed neural networks （PINNs） was proposed. TATB-based PBX cylindrical specimens measuring ϕ110×120 mm served as the research objects. Strain release data during the layer-removal test were acquired in real time using optical frequency-domain reflectometry （OFDR） technology. A PINNs inversion model was constructed using Gaussian temperature-field parameters as intermediate variables. Physical constraints， including static equilibrium equations and boundary conditions， were embedded into the loss function. This approach achieved an efficient mapping from limited surface strain data to the internal stress field. Results indicate that the model achieves a coefficient of determination of 0.954. The inverted results strictly satisfy fundamental solid mechanics constraints. Compared with traditional finite element optimization-based inversion methods， the PINNs model requires only about 5 min for a single inference after offline training. The reconstructed internal stress field exhibits a typical “tension inside， compression outside” distribution pattern. The maximum tensile stress reaches 1.03 MPa at the core， while the maximum compressive stress reaches -0.77 MPa at the middle of the lateral surface. This distribution pattern aligns perfectly with the physical mechanism of residual stress generation caused by non-uniform shrinkage during the cooling process of thermal pressing.
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YU Hongtao, LI Xuyang, WANG He
2026,34(9):1034-1042, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026083
Abstract:ReaxFF molecular dynamics simulations were performed to clarify the reactivity and thermal safety risks of metallic aluminum during the disposal of failed propellants using high-pressure water jets. A nano-aluminum/water impact model was constructed. Water molecules were assigned impact velocities of 150-400 m·s-1 to represent different water-jet loading intensities. The temperature response， energy evolution， cluster morphology， radial distribution function， coordination number， bond formation， and reaction product generation were analyzed. The results show that impact velocity plays a dominant role in triggering the Al-water reaction. As the impact velocity increases， the peak temperature of the system increases from 2563 K significantly. The rapid temperature rise indicates efficient conversion of impact kinetic energy into internal energy and interfacial reaction heat. Structural analysis shows that the Al─Al metallic bonding network undergoes local rupture and rearrangement under impact loading. The peak value of the radial distribution function and the average coordination number decrease sharply at approximately 5 ps. This change indicates a rapid transition of the aluminum cluster from an initially dense packing state to a highly dispersed state. The dispersed structure exposes more reactive aluminum sites and increases the Al-water interfacial contact area. Chemical analysis shows that water adsorption and dissociation are accelerated after structural dispersion. Al─O and Al─H intermediates form during the early reaction stage， accompanied by the generation of H₂ and H₃O⁺. Large-scale simulations further show that sufficient water supply strengthens the coupling among impact loading， structural dispersion， and chemical heat release. These findings provide atomic-scale dynamic support for optimizing water-jet disposal processes for decommissioned aluminum-containing solid propellants and for predicting on-site thermal safety risks.
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LI Rui, ZHANG Hao, DAI Zengjie, WANG Quan, ZHANG Liang, HU Minghang, CHEN Yajing, CUI Xiaorong, HUNAG Yinsheng
2026,34(9):1043-1054, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026076
Abstract:To accurately predict the blast parameters of various typical explosives under low-temperature and low-pressure conditions， a comprehensive dataset was established by integrating dimensional analysis with numerical simulations using the AUTODYN software. Based on the dataset， a machine learning model employing the random forest regression algorithm was developed for blast parameter prediction， and its performance was systematically evaluated. The importance of characteristic variables was further quantified using the Shapley Additive Explanations. Results indicate that the proposed model requires only relevant properties of the explosives and air as inputs to accurately predict the blast parameters—including peak overpressure， impulse， arrival time， and duration—across a wide range of conditions， encompassing normal temperature and pressure， low-temperature， low-pressure， and high-altitude environments. The model achieves an average relative error of less than 15%， indicating strong predictive accuracy and generalization capability. Notably， the model eliminates the need for TNT equivalent conversion， and avoids discrepancies associated with different TNT equivalency models. Sensitivity analysis identifies dimensionless distance as the most influential parameter governing blast behavior. Under high-altitude conditions， reduced atmospheric pressure leads to decreased peak overpressure and impulse， earlier arrival times， and prolonged durations. In contrast， lower ambient temperatures result in increased impulse， as well as extended arrival times and durations， while exerting a negligible effect on peak overpressure.
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YANG Xuyang, WANG Xinying, TAO Yanguang, WANG Yuhui, CHEN Yuhang
2026,34(9):1055-1067, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026150
Abstract:To rapidly calibrate the Lee-Tarver three-term ignition and growth model parameters for DNAN-based explosives， a barrier test simulation model was established with HMX as the donor explosive and DNAN/RDX-based aluminized explosive as the receptor charge. The influence of model parameters on the shock initiation response of the explosive was investigated. Based on the response characteristics at the critical barrier thickness for detonation， the 15 parameters of the ignition and growth model were classified into coefficient parameters， exponent parameters， and threshold parameters. Quantitative relationships between each parameter and the explosive reaction rate were obtained through classified adjustment， and parameter sensitivity analysis was completed. The results indicate that the critical barrier thickness for complete detonation of DNAN-based explosives is 7.5-8.0 mm， and the critical barrier thickness for low-velocity detonation is 25.0-25.5 mm. Parameters I， G1， G2， Figmax， and FGRmax exhibit a positive correlation with the explosive reaction rate， while parameters y， e， g， z， a， and FGRmin exhibit a negative correlation with the explosive reaction rate. Parameters G1， y， a， and FGRmax are identified as the key sensitive parameters affecting the reaction degree. The findings provide a basis for parameter adjustment in the rapid calibration of the Lee-Tarver three-term ignition and growth model.
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WANG Binshen, JIN Bo, PENG Rufang
2026,34(9):1068-1079, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026148
Abstract:Melt-cast carrier explosives are fundamental low-melting-point constituents for melt-cast explosive formulations， and their properties are critical to the engineering practicability of melt-cast explosives. To address the inherent drawbacks of the traditional melt-cast carrier explosive 2，4，6-trinitrotoluene （TNT）， energetic eutectic mixtures have emerged as a popular research focus， benefiting from their tunable thermochemical properties， energy and safety performances. Methods for constructing T-X and H-X phase diagrams of energetic eutectic mixtures are elaborated， alongside approaches to determine their compositions， melting points and phase distribution rules. Additionally， the state-of-the-art studies on energetic eutectic mixtures based on 1，3，3-trinitroazetidine （TNAZ）， 3，4-dinitrofurzanfuroxan （DNTF）， 1-methyl-3，4，5-trinitropyrazole （MTNP） are discussed. On the basis of current research situation， the development potential and core research directions of energetic eutectic mixtures are proposed. This work intends to facilitate the design and formula optimization of novel low-sensitivity， high-energy melt-cast explosives.
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LI Jinchao, DONG Shoulong, ZHAO Wenshuang, GUO Peipei, FENG Chenhe, LI Xiaojiang
2026,34(9):1080-1094, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2026102
Abstract:As an efficient process analytical technology， near-infrared spectroscopy （NIRS） holds significant application value in the field of energetic materials. To meet the demands of component analysis and process monitoring for energetic materials in complex production environments， this review systematically summarizes the research progress of NIRS in this field over the past five years， with a particular focus on its applications in determining the component contents of gun propellants， solid propellants， and explosives. It further reviews the effectiveness of this technology in predicting key performance parameters， assessing stability， and monitoring manufacturing processes. In response to the key challenges encountered in practical applications， this review discusses future development directions from the perspectives of analytical method innovation， multi-technology integration， and the construction of standardized spectral libraries， aiming to provide valuable references for the continued in-depth research and engineering application of this technology.
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Vol, 34, No.9, 2026
>Energetic Express
>Perspective
>Research Articles
>Reviews
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Propellant
2021-2023 Collection
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Gun Propellant
2021-2023 Collection
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Safety and damage study
2021-2023 Collection
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Initiator and Pyrotechnics
2021-2023 Collection
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Preparation and Property
2021-2023 Collection
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Crystal and microscopic analysis
2020-2022 发表
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Chemical Propellant
2021-2022 Collection
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Special Issue
Virtual Special Issue
CJCR
