• Theoretical Model of Combustion Response for Four-Component Hydroxyl-Terminated Polybutadiene Propellant with Microcosmic Heterostructure

  WANG Ru-yao, LI Jun-wei, WANG Xiao-dong, CAO Jun-wei, LI Qiang, WANG Ning-fei

  Online:July 25, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025056

  Abstract(20) HTML(56) PDF(2.66 M)( 121)

  Abstract:To optimize the combustion performance of solid propellants and enhance the combustion stability of solid rocket motors (SRMs), an integrated combustion response model for four?component hydroxyl?terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) propellant with microcosmic heterostructure is established. The improved combustion model that considers the microstructure of four?component propellants is developed based on the heterogeneous quasi one-dimensional (HeQu1?D) framework, incorporating both the micro-scale heterogeneous structure and the unsteady heat transfer process. The model is well verified against experimental data from T-burner tests, with a maximum error of 5.34% in combustion response. Furthermore, the effects of component content distribution, particle sizes, and external environmental conditions are investigated under a working pressure of 12 MPa and excitation frequencies ranging from 250 to 2000 Hz. The results demonstrate that adjusting the particle sizes of AP and NA can significantly alter the propellant's combustion response characteristics, where smaller AP particles combined with larger NA particles are more conducive to stable combustion. Regarding composition content, increasing the relative proportion of AP helps reduce the pressure?coupled response function of propellant. When 10% of AP is replaced with RDX, the pressure?coupled response function exhibits a peak?value increase of 0.15 accompanied by a 25 Hz reduction in peak frequency. More pronounced effects are observed with HMX, where the same 10% of AP replacement leads to a greater peak value enhancement of 0.43 and a more substantial peak frequency decrease of 85 Hz. This work contributes to understanding the mechanism of combustion instability and provides guidance for efficient optimization of propellant formulations.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
• Simulation of the Influence of Multi-Chamber Continuous Mixing Process and Structural Parameters on Pressure and Shear Stress

  FAN Chao, LI Bo-hao, ZHANG Peng-chao, WEI Zong-liang, QIN Neng, MA Ning, XIE Zhong-yuan

  Online:July 25, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025055

  Abstract(13) HTML(54) PDF(4.33 M)( 127)

  Abstract:To enhance the understanding of safety of multi-chamber mixing processes， a multiphase flow CFD numerical model based on the Eulerian method was established for the continuous mixing of multi-component materials in a multi-chamber kneader， taking a cast polymer bonded explosive （PBX） as the object. Experimental verification was conducted to confirm the reliability of the model. Based on the model， the influence laws of key process and structural parameters including blade rotation speed， kneading clearance and blade profile on the mixing safety stimulus were studied. The results show that the pressure level gradually decreased from the feeding chamber to the discharging chamber. Increasing the blade rotation speed was beneficial for reducing the pressure in the chambers， but the shear stimulus significantly increased. As the blade rotation speed increased from 15 r·min^-1 to 75 r·min^-1， the peak pressure in the kneader decreased from 402966 Pa to 258107 Pa， and the peak shear stress increased from 6268.5 Pa to 16607.9 Pa. Increasing the kneading clearance significantly reduced the pressure and shear stress in the chambers. As the kneading clearance increased from 1 mm to 5 mm， the peak pressure in the kneader decreased from 391094 Pa to 284478 Pa， and the peak shear stress decreases from 8320.5 Pa to 3982.6 Pa. Compared with the two-wing-two-wing blades， four-wing-two-wing blades produced stronger shear stimulus due to more kneading sites， but the blade profile had a smaller impact on the kneading pressure. When the four-wing-two-wing blades and two-wing-two-wing blades were used in chambers 1-7， the peak shear stresses in the kneader were 7481.3 Pa and 4518.1 Pa， respectively.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
• Interfacial Enhancement Technology of Propellant Based on Silicone-coated HMX

  QIN Yuan, PU Rui, TU Long-xiao, YAN Qi-long

  Online:July 25, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025053

  Abstract(16) HTML(52) PDF(3.77 M)( 129)

  Abstract:To enhance the mechanical properties of HTPB four-composite solid propellants， 3-［2-（2-aminoethylamino）ethylamino］propyl-trimethoxysilane （A1130） and ureidopropyltriethoxysilane （A1160） were employed to modify the surface of HMX and qy-HMX， followed by their application in solid propellant formulation. Scanning electron microscope （SEM）， X-ray diffraction （XRD）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， atomic force microscope （AFM） and thermal analysis （DSC-TG） were used to test the morphology， structure and performance of samples. The interfacial enhancement effects were systematically investigated using an electronic universal testing machine and dynamic thermomechanical analyzer （DMA） to assess mechanical properties and adhesion characteristics. Results demonstrate that the silane treatment forms continuous coating layers without changing the crystalline structure. Silane coating inhibits effectively the transformation of HMX， increasing the phase transition temperature of HMX@A1130 and HMX@A1160 to 193.9 ℃ and 201.4 ℃， which are 2.3 ℃ and 9.8 ℃ higher than that of raw HMX. The mechanical tests reveal significant improvements in propellant tensile strength across both high temperature （70 ℃） and low temperature （-50 ℃） conditions. Notably， A1130-modified propellant exhibits an enhanced tensile strength with the adhesion index reduced from 1.52 to 1.24 at -50 ℃/500 mm·min^-1. The tensile strength of propellants modified with HMX@A1130 and HMX@A1160 increases by 29.9% and 31.6%， and the maximum elongation increase by 29.9% and 31.6%， respectively. DMA results show that the peak value of loss factor for the A1130-modified propellant decreases from 0.51 to 0.47， indicating a mitigation of the interfacial ‘dewetting’ phenomenon at low temperatures. The fracture surface morphology analysis results are in good agreement with the tensile test and DMA test. The addition of two silane coupling agents has a significant interfacial modification effect， and A11330 can inhibit the interfacial ‘dewetting’ on hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene system.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
• Data Optimization Strategies for Machine Learning of Energetic Materials

  LIU Chen-hao, ZHANG Lei, PANG Si-ping

  Online:July 21, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025098

  Abstract(62) HTML(248) PDF(1.71 M)( 319)

  Abstract:As an emerging data-driven technology， machine learning provide a promising pathway for the intelligent research and development of energetic materials. However， data scarcity and heterogeneity have become the core bottleneck that restricts modeling accuracy and practical application. Focusing on the acquisition path and the existing of energetic material data， this review evaluates the mainstream data optimization strategies from two perspectives： quantity expansion and quality improvement. For data quantity expansion， recent advances in SMILES enumeration， generative adversarial networks， and transfer learning are introduced for enhancing model generalization ability. For data quality improvement， the roles of outlier detection， standardized preprocessing， and feature engineering in improving model robustness and interpretability are discussed. It is shown that effective data optimization can not only alleviate data limitations but also significantly enhance prediction stability and structural extrapolation capabilities under small-sample and structurally complex conditions. Finally， future directions are proposed， including the development of high-throughput experimental platforms， unification of data standards， and establishment of intelligent closed-loop systems. It is expected to provide a feasible roadmap and methodological reference for advancing the data ecosystem and intelligent design of energetic materials.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
• Numerical Study on Thermal Explosion Safety of Semiconductor Bridge Based on Electro-Magnetic-Thermal Coupling

  MA Jia-xu, FENG feng, DUAN Jia-ning, ZHANG xiao, GAO bo

  Online:July 11, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025063

  Abstract(99) HTML(12) PDF(1.70 M)( 297)

  Abstract:In order to meet the dual constraint requirements of safety current and anti-electromagnetic radiation power of semiconductor bridge initiating explosive devices， based on GJB 344A-2020" General specification for insensitive electric initiators"： Non-fire test standard， the electro-magnetic-thermal multi-physical field coupling model was constructed on COMSOL Multiphysics platform by numerical simulation method. By integrating the parallel shunt mechanism of negative temperature coefficient （NTC） thermistor， the loop resistance was monitored in real time and the current input was dynamically compensated. The effects of thermal safety under three working conditions of constant current 1A， constant power 1 W and double constraints 1A1W were compared and analyzed. The results show that the power of 1 A constant current condition is only 0.78 W， which deviates from the standard by 22% because the loop resistance is reduced to 0.78 Ω. The initial current of 1W constant power condition is 0.91 A， which is lower than the safety threshold. The dynamic adjustment strategy realizes the coordinated stability of current and power through closed-loop control. The heat balance temperature of the bridge area is controlled at 449.06 K， and the shunt rate is increased from 29% to 41.26% compared with the 1A constant current condition， and the shunt rate is increased by 0.6% compared with the 1W constant power condition.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
• Advance of Thermal Decomposition and Combustion Reaction of Third-generation Energetic Materials

  LIU Ding, ZHANG Yan, NIU Shi-yao, ZHAO Feng-qi, LI Si-heng, DONG Ying-nan, QU Wen-gang

  Online:July 10, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025016

  Abstract(113) HTML(140) PDF(1.71 M)( 375)

  Abstract:The combustion process of energetic materials （EMs） is a complex multi-stage process. By studying their thermal decomposition and combustion reactions， establishing precise combustion reaction kinetics models enables effective prediction of the thermal behavior of EMs， which is of significant importance for their synthesis， production， transportation， storage， and practical application in modern weaponry and equipment. Compared to traditional EMs， third-generation EMs exhibit higher energy density， which imposes more stringent requirements on their thermal stability. This review summarizes recent advances in thermal properties and combustion research of third-generation EMs， including both ionic and covalent types. The current research status on thermal properties and combustion reactions of typical third-generation EMs is expounded from three perspectives： thermal decomposition profiles， decomposition pathways/mechanism， and combustion performance. It identifies the shortcomings of the current research and proposes the research direction of the thermal behavior of the third-generation energetic materials. It is proposed to construct a multi-scale coupled research system： high-precision measurement of combustion parameters via novel experimental apparatus， accurate diagnosis of combustion intermediates， and cross-scale modeling combining quantum chemistry-machine learning-fluid mechanics to achieve full-chain analysis from free-radical mechanisms to macroscopic flame propagation.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
• Reliability Evaluation Method of Energy Transfer Interface of Pyrotechnic Sequence

  ZENG Xiao-yun, MU Hui-na, QIN Guo-sheng, WANG Yin, LI Xiao-gang

  Online:June 18, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025043

  Abstract(77) HTML(124) PDF(1.27 M)( 477)

  Abstract:Aiming at the reliability evaluation of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequence， a reliability evaluation method based on fiducial inference method was proposed. This method fully considered the randomness characteristics of the energy transfer interface data. By constructing the probability distribution model of the performance parameters， the prior knowledge was organically combined with the test data， and the accurate evaluation and randomness quantification of the interface reliability were realized. Firstly， the reliability model of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequence was established. On this basis， the reliability evaluation algorithm framework based on fiducial inference was designed. In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method， the evaluation results of the quantile correction method and the Monte Carlo method were compared and analyzed. The results show that when the sample size is 3 to 70， the deviation between the evaluation results based on the fiducial inference method and the true value is the smallest， demonstrating good convergence and stability. Especially when the sample size is less than or equal to 10， this method shows significant advantages， which effectively overcomes the dependence of traditional methods on sample amount， and provides a new method for the reliability evaluation of the energy transfer interface of pyrotechnic sequences.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
• Research progress of Al matrix composites with core-shell structure in the field of pyrotechnic explosives

  DONG Ying-nan, JIANG Yi-fan, ZHAO Feng-qi, LI Si-heng, LIU Ding, QU Wen-gang

  Online:June 11, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2024304

  Abstract(108) HTML(260) PDF(3.77 M)( 545)

  Abstract:The core‐shell structure can effectively suppress the large aluminum(Al) agglomerates produced by combustion of Al‐matrix composites， enhance the energy release efficiency of Al powder， and improve its ignition performance and combustion energy release characteristics. Based on the characteristics of core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites， an overview of the research progress was summarized. The commonly used preparation methods for core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites were discussed， effects of different compositions on the combustion performance， energy release efficiency and stability of these composites were analyzed. Furthermore， the potential applications and future development directions of core‐shell structured Al‐matrix composites were outlined. Optimizing the preparation techniques for core‐shell structures to achieve large‐scale production， regulating the composition of the coating materials or constructing functional interlayers at the matrix‐coating interface can effectively improve the mass and heat transfer characteristics during the combustion process of Al‐matrix composites.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
• Creep Mechanical Properties of HTPB Composite Solid Propellant under Different Temperatures and Stress Levels

  WANG Zhe-jun, ZHANG Yan-shen, QIANG Hong-fu, CHEN Jia-xing, WU Rui

  Online:June 11, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025049

  Abstract(88) HTML(118) PDF(2.00 M)( 557)

  Abstract:To investigate the creep mechanical properties of tri-component hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene （HTPB） composite solid propellant under different temperatures and stress levels， creep mechanical performance tests were conducted using a self-developed mechanical creep testing equipment， a temperature-humidity environmental chamber， and a high-definition camera. Tests were performed at environmental temperatures of 10 ℃， 25 ℃， 40 ℃ and 55 ℃， covering a stress range of 0.072 to 0.712 MPa . The strain-creep time curves were obtained， along with the variation patterns of typical mechanical property parameters with environmental temperature and stress level. A master curve for the creep rupture time， reflecting the propellant’s failure behavior under broad loading conditions， was established. The results indicate that， as the stress level increases， the characteristics of the propellant’s strain-creep time curve shift from three stages to four stages. Increasing environmental temperature reduces the critical stress level at which the four-stage curve characteristic exhibits， and this stress follows an exponential decay pattern， decreasing from 0.562 MPa at 10 ℃ to 0.262 MPa at 55 ℃ with a reduction ratio of 53.38%. The initial creep compliance increases with rising environmental temperature but remains almost unchanged with increasing stress level. When both environmental temperature and stress level increase， the creep rate increases， creep rupture time shortens， cumulative damage degree increases， and cumulative damage rate accelerates. In contrast， the fracture strain is primarily sensitive to changes in stress level and exhibits a linear increasing trend with increasing stress level. The creep rate under 55 ℃ and 0.412 MPa is approximately 493 times that under the same stress level at 10 ℃， and the creep rupture time is about 2.14% of that under the same stress level at 25 ℃. Finally， based on the double logarithmic test data of creep rupture time versus stress level under different environmental temperatures， and using the environmental temperature-stress level equivalence relationship， a master curve for propellant’s creep rupture time was established. At the same time， exponential mathematical expressions for this master curve and the temperature shift factor were obtained. Calculations using these expressions indicate that， to ensure a vertically stored SRM grain does not experience creep rupture failure within 15 years at 25 ℃， the loading stress level should be lower than 0.2176 MPa.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
• Multi-Angle Tensile Testing and Numerical Simulation of HTPB Propellant Bonded Specimens

  ZHANG Xue-shen, SHEN Xiao-yin, ZHOU Hui, WANG Xue-ren, DING Li, ZHANG Dong-sheng

  Online:June 11, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025064

  Abstract(88) HTML(100) PDF(3.79 M)( 529)

  Abstract:Improving the structural integrity of charge is of great significance for ensuring the working stability of solid rocket motor （SRM）. Multi-angle tensile loading tests were carried out on the HTPB propellant bonded specimens. During the tensile process， binocular cameras combined with three-dimensional digital image correlation （DIC） methods were used to analyze the deformation field of the bonded specimens. According to the mesoscopic structure of the specimen， a mesoscopic cohesive zone model （CZM） was established and further subjected to numerical simulation analysis， based on three types of damage modes including particle dewetting， matrix fracture and debonding of the bonding interface. The damage evolution law， cracking mechanism and failure mode of the specimen under different tensile and shear stress states were explored. The test results show that the bonded specimen are more prone to damage under the tensile-shear mixed stress state. At the same time， the bearing capacity of the specimen decreases and a greater tensile displacement will occur with increasing the tensile angle. The area where the strain of the bonded specimen is relatively large at the critical state is the location where macroscopic cracks initiate. The numerical simulation results show that the first principal stress is the main factor affecting the generation of cracks in solid propellants， and when the value of the first principal stress is greater than 0.548 MPa， it will lead to the initiation of cracks. Furthermore， the smaller the stretching angle is， the easier the deweeting between the particle and matrix in the propellant is to occur. However， it is easier for the propellant/liner interface to de-bond and the crack propagation location is closer to this interface when the stretching angle increases.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26

• The Stabilizing Effect of Carotenoids on Nitrocellulose and NC/NG

  LI Liang, ZHAO Yang, JIN Bo

  Online:June 13, 2025  DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025044

  Abstract(83) HTML(56) PDF( 531)

  Abstract:Carotenoids， valued for their exceptional free radical scavenging properties and low biological toxicity， were systematically investigated as potential stabilizers for propellants. A comprehensive evaluation strategy， incorporating differential thermal analysis （DTA）， methyl violet test strips， isothermal thermogravimetry， vacuum stability testing， and accelerating rate calorimetry （ARC）， was employed to assess their stabilizing effects. Four representative carotenoids-lycopene， β-carotene， xanthophyll， and astaxanthin， were examined for their stabilization performance in nitrocellulose （NC） and absorptive composition systems. All tested carotenoids demonstrated superior thermal stability compared to conventional stabilizers. Notably， astaxanthin exhibited the most significant enhancement： it prolonged the methyl violet discoloration time of NC by 40 min， reducing mass loss by 17.90%， decreased the maximum adiabatic decomposition temperature rise rate by 0.134 ℃·min^-1， and lowered gas pressure release per unit mass by 12.0 kPa. In absorptive compositions， it extended the methyl violet discoloration time by 34 min while reducing mass loss by 14.18%. Free radical scavenging tests and intermediate structural analyses revealed the underlying stabilization mechanism： carotenoids effectively suppress autocatalytic decomposition via nitrogen-oxygen free radical capture， achieving nearly 90% scavenging efficiency at 8 mmol·L^-1. Additionally， secondary derivatives formed during carotenoid degradation were free of nitrosamine groups， significantly reducing toxicological concerns.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30

Vol, 33, No.7, 2025     Damage Analysis and Assessment on Engineering Structures Subjected to Explosion

>Editorial

• Damage Analysis and Assessment on Engineering Structures Subjected to Explosion

  FENG Bin

  2025,33(7):680-680, DOI:

  Abstract(1) HTML(0) PDF(1.09 M)( 1)

  Abstract:

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7

>Energetic Express

• Energetic Express--2025No7

  FENG Bin

  2025,33(7):681-682, DOI:

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(1.10 M)( 1)

  Abstract:

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24

>Perspective

• Deep Learning for Damage Assessment of Engineering Structures Subjected to Explosion

  FENG Bin, CHEN Li

  2025,33(7):683-688, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025083

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(520.11 K)( 3)

  Abstract:

>Explosion and Damage

• Stress Wave Effect in Semi-Infinite Concrete Targets Subjected to Penetration-Implosion Action of Reactive Jet

  ZHOU Xin, FENG Bin, CHEN Li, WANG Rui-qi, LI Yu-chun

  2025,33(7):689-702, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025079

  Abstract(1) HTML(1) PDF(3.43 M)( 1)

  Abstract:To investigate the stress wave effect in semi-infinite concrete targets under penetration-implosion loadings induced by reactive jet （RJ）， two sets of RJ peneration-implosion experiments were conducted to obtain stress wave data and characteristic damage patterns of concrete targets. LS-DYNA software combined with a restart algorithm was used for staged numerical simulations of the penetration-implosion process， and to analyze the stress wave propagation characteristics in concrete under the combined action of RJ penetration and explosion. The findings demonstrate that numerical and experimental results showed good agreement in stress waves and target damage features. During the penetration stage of RJ， concrete failure occurs after successive loadings of dynamic stress wave zone and static high-pressure zone， with the latter having a faster loading rate but a shorter action duration. The concrete damage caused by RJ penetration accelerates energy dissipation， reduces peak stress during the explosion stage， but accelerates stress wave propagation. Compared with the undamaged target， the peak stress of the explosion in the target after RJ penetration decreased by up to 47%， and the growth rate of the stress wave propagation speed could reache up to 7%. However， when the depth of measuring point exceeds 335 mm， the influence of RJ penetration on the explosion stage can be ignored.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
  • 139
  • 140
  • 141
  • 142
  • 143
  • 144
  • 145
  • 146
  • 147
  • 148
  • 149
  • 150
  • 151
  • 152
  • 153
  • 154
  • 155
  • 156
  • 157
  • 158
  • 159
  • 160
  • 161
  • 162
  • 163
  • 164
  • 165
  • 166
  • 167
  • 168
  • 169
  • 170
  • 171
  • 172
  • 173
  • 174
  • 175
• Numerical Simulation Study of the Attenuation Characteristics of Blast Shock Waves in Multi-Level Diffusion Tunnels

  LU Qiu, PENG Yong, WANG Zi-guo, CHENG Hao, LI Xiang-yu, LI Zhi-bin

  2025,33(7):703-713, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025072

  Abstract(0) HTML(1) PDF(2.08 M)( 1)

  Abstract:In order to attenuate the blast shock wave in the tunnel efficiently， the design idea of setting up multiple continuous diffusion chambers in the tunnel was proposed. Based on the numerical simulation method， the influence of the structural parameters of the multi-stage diffusion chamber on the wave absorption efficiency was systematically discussed， and the propagation attenuation characteristics of the shock wave with a pressure of 2-11 MPa and a positive pressure duration of 18.25-1000 ms in the pit containing single， double/tertiary diffusion chamber were investigated. The results showed that the increase in the number of diffusion chambers can effectively improve the wave dissipation efficiency of the tunnel， and the peak pressure of the shock wave after passing through the three-stage diffusion chamber pit is 81.08% lower than the peak pressure of the straight pit without diffusion chamber with the same length， while the spacing between the diffusion chambers has a limited effect on the wave dissipation efficiency of the tunnel. Under the condition that the total length of the diffusion chamber is equal， the tertiary diffusion chamber has the best attenuation effect on the shock wave compared with a single long diffusion chamber and the secondary diffusion chamber. With the increase of shock wave pressure under the same positive pressure duration， the wave dissipation efficiency of the multi-stage diffusion chamber pit slowly increases. Under the same peak overpressure condition， the wave loss efficiency of the three-stage diffusion chamber pit decreases greatly with the increase of positive pressure time， but it can still maintain a wave loss efficiency of 43.38% when the positive pressure time is 1000 ms.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
• Mechanisms of Rock Breaking and Cavity Formation of Hole-inner Layered Charge Blasting

  CHENG Bing, YE Fu, WANG Quan, XU Ying, CHENG Yang-fan, LI Hong-wei, WANG Meng-xiang

  2025,33(7):714-724, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025040

  Abstract(0) HTML(28) PDF(2.58 M)( 4)

  Abstract:To study the mechanisms of rock breaking and cavity formation by hole-inner layered charge blasting， the influence of hole-inner layered charges on the rock breaking and cavity formation of deep hole cutting was first investigated through theoretical analysis and model experiments. Then， numerical simulations were carried out using SPH-FEM algorithm to reveal the processes of rock breaking and throwing as well as the mechanisms of rock breaking and cavity formation. Finally， field tests were conducted to explore its application effects. The results show that the hole-inner layered charge could realize the uniform distribution and release of explosive energy， which could eliminate the large rock in the upper cavity and weaken the constraint effect of the surrounding rock in the bottom cavity， so as to achieve the cavity formation efficiency of 96.5%. The numerical simulation realized the visualization of the blasting process. The simulation results confirmed the beneficial effect of uniform energy distribution and sequential release on rock breaking and cavity formation. Compared with traditional cutting blasting technique， using the hole-inner layered charge cutting technique， cycle footage and hole utilization were increased by 0.45 m and 17.3%， respectively， the specific charge and detonator were reduced by 0.42 kg·m^-3 and 0.21 PCS·m^-3， respectively. The results demonstrated the applicability of hole-inner layered charge cutting technique in deep hole blasting.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
  • 139
  • 140
  • 141
  • 142
  • 143
  • 144
  • 145
  • 146
  • 147
  • 148
  • 149
  • 150
  • 151
  • 152
  • 153
  • 154
  • 155
  • 156
  • 157
  • 158
  • 159
  • 160
  • 161
  • 162
  • 163
  • 164
  • 165
  • 166
  • 167
  • 168
  • 169
  • 170
  • 171
  • 172
  • 173
  • 174
  • 175
  • 176
  • 177
  • 178
  • 179
  • 180
  • 181
  • 182
  • 183
  • 184
  • 185
  • 186
  • 187
  • 188
  • 189
  • 190
  • 191
• Dynamic Analysis Method for Supporting Structural Layers in Shallow-Buried Fortifications under Localized Blast Loads

  CHEN Li, LIU Si-jia

  2025,33(7):725-737, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025084

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(1.32 M)( 1)

  Abstract:To address the issue of highly localized blast loads caused by limited distribution layers in shallow-buried layered fortifications， an equivalent single-degree-of-freedom （SDOF） dynamic analysis method considering the characteristics of localized loads was proposed. This method was used for evaluating the response of the roof slab of supporting structural layers. Based on the selected mode shape functions and the energy equivalence principle， dynamic coefficient calculation methods for both elastic and plastic response stages of the structure were established. The validity of the method was verified through finite element simulations. Results indicate that the static deflection curve under uniformly distributed loads can still serve as the mode shape function under localized loads， with acceptable deviations. If localized loads are simplified to uniformly distributed loads for design purposes based on equal impulse principle， the maximum displacement of the structure may be significantly underestimated， with errors potentially reaching up to 9.7 times. In the plastic response stage of the structure， the dynamic coefficient of structural resistance is negatively correlated with the degree of plastic deformation. The product of the total load duration and the structure’s natural frequency significantly influences the structural response： when this value is less than or equal to 1， the response is impulse-dominated； when it approaches 10， moderately extending the pressurization time favours structural resistance to blast loads； when the product exceeds 50， the beneficial effect of extending the pressurization tends to saturate. This method effectively characterizes the dynamic response characteristics of supporting structure layers in shallow-buried fortifications under localized blast loads， providing a theoretical support for the blast-resistant design of related protective structures.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
• Comparative Study on the Fast-running Method for Damage Assessment of Building Structure Subjected to Confined Explosion

  ZHANG Yun-feng, GAO Hao-peng, WU Yi-xuan, SUI Ya-guang, LIU Wen-xiang, ZHANG De-zhi

  2025,33(7):738-750, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2024297

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(2.41 M)( 1)

  Abstract:The fast-running method based on engineering experience is an important tool to assess the explosion damage inside the building structure. To provide the reference for the selection and subsequent improvement of relevant calculation methods， the full-scale confined explosion tests on three-story masonry-concrete building were carried out under two scenarios. The five fast-running methods developed in recent years （i.e. FIST method， charge weight-standoff graphs method， equivalent dynamic load method， energy method， equivalent method） were used to calculate the damage of the buildings. The evaluation indicator and scoring criteria of 5-dimensional calculation ability were put forward. The characteristics of each fast-running method were compared and analyzed. The reasons for the difference in the ability of each method are discussed. Some suggestions for improvement are given. The results show that the charge weight-standoff graphs method is not suitable for the damage assessment of building structure subjected to confined explosions. The FIST method and equivalent method have high accuracy in calculating the masonry wall. The energy method has high accuracy in calculating the RC slabs， but the computational efficiency is low. The calculation efficiency of equivalent dynamic load method is high， but the calculation accuracy is low. In addition， considering the propagation law of the shock wave in complex building structure， improving the scale of numerical simulation are the main way to improve the computing ability of FIST-like and equivalent-like method.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
  • 139
  • 140
  • 141
  • 142
  • 143
• Influence Mechanism of Concrete Heterogeneity on Scaling Effect of RC Beam Impact Response

  JIN Liu, WU Shao-xiong, ZHANG Ren-bo, LI Jian, DU Xiu-li

  2025,33(7):751-765, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025066

  Abstract(0) HTML(1) PDF(3.09 M)( 1)

  Abstract:Reinforced concrete structures are frequently subjected to impact loads during their service life， leading to complex dynamic responses that are often difficult to predict. To systematically investigate the influence of concrete heterogeneity on the impact response and scaling effect of geometrically similar RC beams. Using a comparative analytical approach， three numerical models were established： a homogeneous RC beam （Homogeneity） and two heterogeneous RC beams （Heterogeneity-I and Heterogeneity-II）. The displacement， impact force， and reaction force were compared. Furthermore， damage modes， deflection curves， and energy absorption characteristics were analyzed to explore the intrinsic mechanisms of scaling effect. The results indicate that the concrete heterogeneity is one of the factors contributing to the scaling effect in the displacement of geometrically similar RC beams， while its influence on impact force and reaction force is relatively minor. The intrinsic mechanism of the above-mentioned phenomenon may be the difference in damage modes due to heterogeneity， which enhances the local response of the RC beams with analysis of deflection curves and energy absorption. Additionally， within the scope of this study， higher impact velocities lead to more pronounced scaling effect in the displacement. These findings provide theoretical insights for impact-resistant design of concrete structures and for similitude analysis in scaled experimental studies.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
• Near-field Explosion Shock Wave Loading and Driving Characteristics of TNT Based Aluminized Explosivess

  LIU Jian, BAI Fan, ZHANG Long-hui

  2025,33(7):766-777, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025021

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(2.90 M)( 0)

  Abstract:The pressure of underwater near-field explosion is high and damping rapidly， which is difficult to test accurately. To investigate the near-field explosion shock wave loading and driving characteristics of aluminized explosives， a model was established to calculate the incident shock wave pressure according to the theory of strong shock wave driving air-backed metal plate. Finally， tests of underwater explosion driving 3 mm-thick air-backed steel plate at 5 R₀ were conducted on TNT and five different aluminized explosives， which verified the accuracy of the shock wave pressure calculation model. The free-field shock wave pressure at 2 R₀-6 R₀ （charge radius） distance of spherical TNT charges and driving law of 3 mm-thick air-backed steel plate were calculated by numerical simulation. Then the shock wave pressure before cavitation was calculated based on the velocity-time history data. Results also show that for every 5% increase in the content of 2 μm aluminum， the acceleration time of plates increases by 4.4%. With larger particle size of aluminum powder， the acceleration time of plate is longer， but the maximum velocity is smaller. 20 μm and 2 μm aluminum powder absorbs energy in the detonation reaction zone， resulting in a decrease in the detonation velocity and pressure of TNT. While 200 nm aluminum powder may partially participate in the detonation reaction zone and release energy， which positively supports the propagation of detonation waves.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67

>Reviews

• Research Progress on Influencing Factors of Protective Effect of Blast Walls

  JIAN Bing-yu, XIAO Wei-fang

  2025,33(7):778-792, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025123

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(2.04 M)( 1)

  Abstract:In recent years， the frequent occurrence of terrorist attacks and industrial accidental explosions has triggered in-depth research and extensive application of blast wall structures in the field of protective engineering. According to the development sequence， structural characteristics， and explosion-resistant mechanisms of blast walls， this paper classifies and reviews blast walls into traditional blast walls and innovative blast walls. Traditional blast walls mainly use conventional building materials to resist shock waves through the inherent properties of the walls. In contrast， innovative blast walls further enhance their explosion resistance through material and structural innovations. Material innovations mainly involve the use of high-strength materials， fiber-reinforced composites， etc.， which are used to construct the walls， incorporated into the raw materials （such as concrete） of the walls， or attached to the wall surfaces to improve the overall strength and stability of the walls. Structural innovations involve designs such as multi-layer wall structures and sandwich fillings， aiming to enhance the overall explosion-resistant effect by leveraging the performance advantages of different materials. This paper summarizes and generalizes the blast-resistant performance evaluation， application scenarios， experimental and numerical simulation methods， as well as related research results， covering key factors such as material selection， dimension design， shape optimization， and reinforcement methods of blast walls， providing a reference basis for future blast wall designs.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119

>Preparation and Property

• Synergistic Effect of CuSt₂@F₂₃₁₄ Double-Coated Potassium Nitrate on Performance of Boron-Based Igniters

  LI Hao, GONG Zheng, REN Yong, SUN Jie

  2025,33(7):793-805, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025038

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(3.56 M)( 0)

  Abstract:To address the issue of reduced output reliability of boron/potassium nitrate igniters caused by KNO₃ hygroscopicity， a dual coating modification strategy based on an in-situ reaction and a solvent-antisolvent method was proposed. Firstly， a copper stearate （CuSt₂） coating layer was constructed on the KNO₃ surface via in-situ reaction between stearic acid and copper acetate. Secondly， the trifluoroethylene-vinylidene fluoride copolymer （F₂₃₁₄） was coated on KNO₃@CuSt₂ using the solvent-antisolvent method to prepare CuSt₂/F₂₃₁₄ double-coated KNO₃. Finally， the double-coated KNO₃ was uniformly mixed with boron at a mass ratio of 3∶1 to obtain the formula-optimized B/KNO₃@CuSt₂@F₂₃₁₄ igniter， aiming to synergistically regulate the hydrophobic properties and reaction activity of the igniter. Scanning electron microscopy （SEM）， Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR）， X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）， and inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy （ICP） were employed to confirm the sequential coating of CuSt₂ and F₂₃₁₄ on KNO₃ particles. The hydrophobicity of the samples was characterized using a contact angle measurements. The effects of modified KNO₃ on the thermal reaction and combustion performance of the igniter were evaluated by thermal analysis and laser ignition experiments. The results demonstrated that the hydrophobic performance of CuSt₂@F₂₃₁₄ double-coated KNO₃ was superior to that of single-coated KNO₃with CuSt₂ or F₂₃₁₄ （the water contact angle of uncoated KNO₃ was 0°）. When the proportions of CuSt₂ and F₂₃₁₄ dual coating layers were 6% and 2%， respectively， the comprehensive performance of KNO₃@6%CuSt₂@2%F₂₃₁₄ and its boron-based igniter was optimal. The water contact angle of KNO₃@6%CuSt₂@2%F₂₃₁₄ increased to 95.8°， and the heat release of B/KNO₃@6%CuSt₂@2%F₂₃₁₄ reached 3200.67 J·g^-1， which was 23% higher than that of B/KNO₃ igniter （2601.69 J·g^-1）， while the onset temperature of the thermal reaction decreased by approximately 23 ℃. Laser ignition tests showed that compared with the unmodified B/KNO₃ igniter， the B/KNO₃@6%CuSt₂@2%F₂₃₁₄ igniter exhibited a shorter ignition delay time， stable flame propagation， and reliable laser ignition performance. This study realizes the synergistic enhancement of hydrophobicity and reaction activity in the B/KNO₃@6%CuSt₂@2%F₂₃₁₄ igniter by constructing a dual coating layer on the surface of KNO₃， providing a new approach for improving the performance of high-reliability boron/potassium nitrate igniters.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38
  • 39
  • 40
  • 41
  • 42
  • 43
  • 44
  • 45
  • 46
  • 47
  • 48
  • 49
  • 50
  • 51
  • 52
  • 53
  • 54
  • 55
  • 56
  • 57
  • 58
  • 59
  • 60
  • 61
  • 62
  • 63
  • 64
  • 65
  • 66
  • 67
  • 68
  • 69
  • 70
  • 71
  • 72
  • 73
  • 74
  • 75
  • 76
  • 77
  • 78
  • 79
  • 80
  • 81
  • 82
  • 83
  • 84
  • 85
  • 86
  • 87
  • 88
  • 89
  • 90
  • 91
  • 92
  • 93
  • 94
  • 95
  • 96
  • 97
  • 98
  • 99
  • 100
  • 101
  • 102
  • 103
  • 104
  • 105
  • 106
  • 107
  • 108
  • 109
  • 110
  • 111
  • 112
  • 113
  • 114
  • 115
  • 116
  • 117
  • 118
  • 119
  • 120
  • 121
  • 122
  • 123
  • 124
  • 125
  • 126
  • 127
  • 128
  • 129
  • 130
  • 131
  • 132
  • 133
  • 134
  • 135
  • 136
  • 137
  • 138
  • 139
  • 140
  • 141
  • 142
  • 143
  • 144
  • 145
  • 146
  • 147
  • 148
  • 149
  • 150
  • 151
  • 152
  • 153
  • 154
  • 155
  • 156
  • 157
  • 158
  • 159
  • 160
  • 161
  • 162
  • 163
  • 164
  • 165
  • 166
  • 167
  • 168
  • 169
  • 170
  • 171
  • 172
  • 173
  • 174
  • 175
  • 176
  • 177
  • 178
  • 179
  • 180
  • 181
  • 182
  • 183
  • 184
  • 185
  • 186
  • 187
  • 188
  • 189
  • 190
  • 191
  • 192
  • 193
  • 194
  • 195
  • 196
  • 197
• Synthesis and Properties of 2-nitro-3-keto-7-nitroimino-2，4，6，8-tetraazabicyclo［3.3.0］octane

  ZHANG Pei-wei, YANG Hai-jun, JIANG Tian-yu, CHEN Shi-luo, LIU Tian-lin

  2025,33(7):806-814, DOI: 10.11943/CJEM2025054

  Abstract(0) HTML(0) PDF(1.48 M)( 0)

  Abstract:Tetraazabicyclo molecules have attracted extensive attention from synthetic energetic materials researchers due to their high density and detonation performance. To expand the types of skeletal structures of tetraazabicyclo molecules and explore the intrinsic relationships between different skeletal structures， in this study， nitroguanidine， glyoxal and urea were used as raw materials to construct a tetraazabicyclo framework by two-step cyclization reaction， and then nitration was carried out to obtain 2-nitro-3-keto-7-nitroimino-2，4，6，8-tetraazabicyclo［3.3.0］octane（4）. This compound is a novel tetraazabicyclic molecule incorporating both glycoluril and nitroguanidine structural motifs. The structure of the intermediates and target compounds was confirmed through fourier transform infrared spectroscopy， nuclear magnetic resonance， elemental analysis， and X-ray single crystal diffraction. The intermediate crystal 3·0.5H₂O and the target compound crystal 4 were obtained. Among them， the crystal of compound 4 belongs to the triclinic crystal system， P-1 space group， with a density of 1.881 g·cm^-3 （150 K）， and with unit cell parameters of a=6.5172（3） Å， b=9.4087（4） Å， c=13.6334（5） Å， α=γ=90°， β=102.542（2）°. Compound 4 was tested by TG-DSC simultaneous thermal analysis， and its enthalpy of formation and detonation properties were calculated using atomization method and EXPLO5 software， and its mechanical sensitivity was tested by BAM method. The results showed that the thermal decomposition temperature of compound 4 reached 243 ℃， the theoretical detonation velocity and detonation pressure were 8538 m·s^-1， 30.17 GPa， and the impact sensitivity and friction sensitivity were 10 J and 120 N， respectively. It has good detonation performance and thermal stability.

  • 1
  • 2
  • 3
  • 4
  • 5
  • 6
  • 7
  • 8
  • 9
  • 10
  • 11
  • 12
  • 13
  • 14
  • 15
  • 16
  • 17
  • 18
  • 19
  • 20
  • 21
  • 22
  • 23
  • 24
  • 25
  • 26
  • 27
  • 28
  • 29
  • 30
  • 31
  • 32
  • 33
  • 34
  • 35
  • 36
  • 37
  • 38