Due to the high energy density and excellent safety performance， high-energy low-sensitivity single-component explosive plays an crucial role in the national economy， military industry and aerospace sectors， and has become one of the key research topics in energetic materials. In recent years， scientists worldwide have carried out extensive studies on the creation of high-energy low-sensitivity single-component explosives. This article systematically reviews 27 types of single-component explosives reported since 2001， with detonation velocity above 8750 m·s^-1， impact sensitivity lower than 15 J， and thermal decomposition temperature greater than 200 ℃. These explosives fall into three major categories： single-ring， multi-ring， and fused-ring compounds. A detailed elaboration of the synthesis methods， structural features， and performance characteristics of these single-component explosives is provided， while an in-depth analysis of the challenges and bottlenecks encountered in the development is conducted. Based on current research advancements， this article outlines future development trends， emphasizing that molecular design capabilities should be enhanced according to practical needs. The specific attention should be paid to molecular defect recovery， the feasibility of synthetic processes， cost control， and the application of emerging technologies in this field.