The research on the multi-scale structure and stimulation dynamic response mechanism of energetic materials has experimental diagnosis problems due to their heterogeneous characteristics and cross-spatiotemporal evolution， which restricts the in-depth scientific understanding of their safety and energy release characteristics. Large scientific devices represented by neutron sources， synchrotron radiation sources and large-scale lasers provide key means to solve the above problems by virtue of deep penetration， extreme loading conditions and high spatiotemporal resolution. The research progress of large scientific devices at home and abroad was reviewed in respect of the multi-scale microstructure， grain residual stress， impact loading physical properties， mesostructure evolution， detonation reaction characteristics， and etc. of energetic materials. The neutron scattering technology has realized the non-destructive quantitative characterization of the micro-nano structure and residual stress in the interior of explosives through its deep penetration characteristics and light element sensitivity. High-brilliance X-ray phase contrast imaging and dynamic X-ray diffraction technology revealed the dynamic evolution process of defects under shock loading with sub-micron resolution， and captured the detonation wave front structure and the dynamic characteristic of nano-carbon products in situ. By combining high-intensity laser loading with ultrafast spectroscopy technology， the Hugoniot data under high pressure and initiation reaction mechanism of explosives were obtained. In the future， it is necessary to develop multi-field coupled loading diagnosis platforms， to further improve the spatiotemporal resolutions of the devices， and to penetrate the data fusion analysis of multiple devices， which provide technical support for the understanding of dynamic-static safety and reaction characteristics of explosives， and for the structural design and performance improvement of explosives.