CHINESE JOURNAL OF ENERGETIC MATERIALS
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Continuous Flow Preparation and Reaction Kinetics of 2,4-dinitroanisole
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1.School of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China;2.Hubei Dongfang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd, Hubei 441022, China

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    Abstract:

    2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) has emerged as a novel insensitive melt-cast carrier explosive, serving as a practical and effective replacement for TNT in various applications. However, the conventional batch reactor synthesis method is plagued by several limitations, including prolonged reaction duration, excessive in-process inventory, and significant generation of byproducts, which collectively restrict its safe and efficient large-scale production. Consequently, developing advanced preparation processes has become imperative. This study investigates the synthesis of DNAN employing a reaction system comprising 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene (2,4-DNCB), methanol, and sodium hydroxide, with a particular focus on continuous flow technology and reaction kinetics. Through mechanistic simulations, a kinetic reaction model was successfully established. The experimental kinetic results indicate that the etherification of 2,4-DNCB follows second-order reaction kinetics, where the reaction rate is proportional to the product of the concentrations of 2,4-DNCB and NaOH. Key kinetic parameters were determined as follows: Activation energy (Ea): 73.950 kJ·mol-1. Pre-exponential factor (A0): 7.991×1010 L·mol-1·s-1.The effects of critical process variables—namely, reaction temperature, residence time, and molar ratio of reactants—on the product purity and yield were systematically investigated. The optimal reaction conditions were identified as: Reaction temperature: 90 ℃. Residence time: 1 min. Molar ratio (2,4-DNCB∶NaOH): 1.6∶1. Under these optimized conditions, DNAN was obtained with a yield of 93.7% and a purity exceeding 99.99%. This research provides a robust theoretical foundation and practical methodology for the continuous and efficient production of DNAN.

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朱旭,张文瑾,陈军,等.2,4-二硝基苯甲醚的连续流动制备及反应动力学[J].含能材料,2025,33(12):1377-1384.
ZHU Xu, ZHANG Wenjin, CHEN Jun, et al. Continuous Flow Preparation and Reaction Kinetics of 2,4-dinitroanisole[J]. Chinese Journal of Energetic Materials,2025,33(12):1377-1384.

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History
  • Received:September 19,2025
  • Revised:December 06,2025
  • Adopted:November 27,2025
  • Online: December 09,2025
  • Published: December 25,2025